Mobile Systems Paper Essay Example for Free

Mobile Systems Paper Essay With so many web and mobile applications available today, it is difficult to find a particular one that impacts more individuals and businesses than others. Many applications perform one or two tasks well, but I believe Google Drive is one of those applications that anyone can find useful. Whether you’re a student or a business person, Google Drive can be of use in anyone’s life. Google Drive is unique because it has several different purposes and functions. The first function of Google Drive is its cloud storage. Google Drive itself gives its users 5GB of free space to upload documents, music, pictures, and videos to keep as a backup or to share with others. If needed, storage size can be expanded up to 16TB for a fee. Another feature that is key to Google Drive is it incorporates its Docs application as well as Gmail in it. This allows users to create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more that will automatically save right to Google Drive and also give the ability to share it through email.† Other aspects that can be found on Google Drive is that it is available on every modern browser, but alongside that Drive will offer the ability to view up to 30 different file types† (Geek.com,2012). One final way that Google Drive can now be used is on any Android or iOS device. Users can now create, edit and view almost everything the same as they would if they were on their computer using it. Although some of the features of Google Drive are similar to that of other applications, There is no other application that streamlines as many features into one application to make its users as productive and efficient as possible. With the incorporation of Google Docs and Gmail, users can create and share without having to open multiple applications. Another great change that it has brought to users is that it works with practically everything. Drive works on all browsers and all Android and iOS devices, so people can get work done at anytime, anywhere whether it is for school or work. Being a student, I feel this application has lowered school costs due to it being free and the fact that it has cloud storage. Students no longer have to have flash drives at the computer lab, now they can just log into Google Drive and access everything they need. And, with the addition of the mobile versions of Google Drive, last minute edits of papers and  presentations are no longer a reason for a melt down. â€Å"The final benefit Google Drive gives to its consumers is the ability for Gmail to attach up to a 10GB file because of its integration. The attachment is technically a link for the recipient to download, but it enable users to have the luxury of sharing large videos or other data very easy and seamless† (Geek.com,2012). With the exception of a few items, Google Drive contains an abundance of features needed for everyday tasks. One item that Drive is lacking is media streaming. This definitely needs to become a future enhancement so users can stream their music and videos from their drive application on mobile devices. With media streaming enabled, many users would only need to use Google Drive and could un clutter their home screen full of unecessary applications. â€Å"The other enhancement that is directed towards the mobile version only is that users cannot create spreadsheets, forms, or drawings at this time† (LaptopMag.com,2012). I am sure that Google will enable this in future updates, but it does cause some restriction for users for the time being. Mobile technology has become a necessity for students and business persons to stay productive while not in front of their everyday computer. Google Drive is now expanding how mobile devices can be effective by letting users share, store, create, and edit items from anywhere. This allows users more control on how they spend their time instead of being dependent on being in front of a computer. I know as a Google Drive user that it has helped me stay productive by storing all of my school work in their cloud storage. I can work from my phone or on any computer and it all works the same. I believe Google Drives consistency between operating systems and devices is what makes this application so nice. No matter what I am using Google Drive on I can feel comfortable using it. References LaptopMag.com (2012, April 27). Google Drive Review. Retrieved from Laptopmag.com. Geek.com (2012, April 24). Google Drive has arrived, clearly targets businesses. Retrieved from Geek.com. Geek.com (2012, November 27). With Google Drive integration, Gmail now offers 10GB attachments. Retrieved from Geek.com.

Cross-cultural leadership: An analysis

Cross-cultural leadership: An analysis Introduction I have lived, travelled and worked extensively overseas since 2003 in particular London, UK and Dubai, UAE this has sparked my interest in furthering my understanding of cross-cultural leadership issues. I have experienced working in different organisations, cultural, customs, races, work ethic, languages, morals, ethics, beliefs, class / caste systems, education, etc. this is more evident in Dubai, UAE then it was in London, UK. In this Leadership Research Project I will explore â€Å"how cross-cultural issues might influence leadership approaches†, I will be looking at it from a Western Leadership Approach and Eastern Leadership Approach, which I will define later. There are a lot of issues and factors that effect leadership approaches, styles, and effectiveness some of which are organisational culture, national culture which we will be exploring. Yousef (1998) has highlighted that leaders and followers personal attributes such as national cultural, experience, education, age, tenure with present organisation and organisational factors such as ownership have a significant relationship with leadership effectiveness. I will be looking at Western Leadership Approaches i.e. Anglo Saxon â€Å"Australian and British† verus Eastern i.e. Arabic and Indian† and drawing on some of my experiences in the Middle East while working as a Construction Project Manager in Dubai, UAE from 2007 to 2009. Please note that the terms / descriptions â€Å"Australian, Indian, Arabic etc†¦ Leaders and Managers are more Democratic, Authoritarian, Autocratic, Laissez-faire etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These are generalisations and I acknowledge that there are Leaders, Managers and Followers that fall outside of these generalisations, as in Leadership there is no one size that fits all approach, what works in one culture does not necessarily work in another. From personal experience adopting an Australian, British, American i.e. Western Leadership Approach, Style, Characteristics, Traits etc. to the context of the Middle East i.e. Dubai, UAE working in an Arabic Cultural and leading and managing predominately Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sir Lankan, Chinese etc. work force does not necessarily work due to a cultural differences i.e. organisational and national, so you have to have a Situational / Contingency Leadership Approach Style to be effective in cross-cultural. Yousef (1998) suggest that leaders should adopt a leadership style that accommodates the followers personal attributes as well as organisational factors in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives effectively, this backs up my argument above. The two organisations that I worked in we polar opposites in terms on organisational cultural the first one Dutco Balfour Beatty LLC was one of the largest and well established construction and engineering companies in the UAE operating across diverse fields. The other Cliff Creek Building Contractors LLC was a relatively small company The first organisation was highly Authoritarian, Bureaucratic, over-centralised, authority and power is unequally distributed at the top and this is typical of most firms in the Middle East from my experiences. The second organisation was Brief Overview of the Industry â€Å"Insert Here† Body Definitions There is no set definition of leadership and cultural, it has been defined in many ways by many people for the purposes of this Leadership Research Project we will use the following definition Leadership Definition The GLOBE Project defines leadership as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members† (Page 15 Culture, Leadership and Organisations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies) Cultural Definition The GLOBE Project defines culture as â€Å"shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations of meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members collectives that are transmitted across generations† (Page 15 Culture, Leadership and Organisations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies) Culture includes the organisation, country where you live or have lived in, social class, generation, gender, regional, ethnic, religious, linguistics, customs, race, work ethic, morals, ethics, beliefs, values, class / caste systems etc. Western Leadership Style Ideas Definition I have limited my Leadership Style Ideas to the UK and Australian, as this is where I have worked during my career and have experience in managing people, resources etc. in terms of Eastern Leadership Style Ideas Definition I have limited my Leadership Style Ideas to Indian as this is was the majority of the workforce in Dubai, UAE that I managed and lead i.e. Leader / Follower relationship. Literature Review A review of the Literature reveals that there has been much written on the topics of Leadership and Culture but there is not enough interaction of the topics and a lot of the literature is from a Western Perspective, more needs to be written from the prospective of the Arab and Indian and also the industry. I have found from the Literature Review that there are many Leadership Theories i.e. Transformational, Transactional, Situational, Contingency, Leadership Member Exchange â€Å"LMX†, Ethical, Authentic, Visionary, Cross-cultural, Military View â€Å"Heroic† Leadership, Strategic, Charismatic, Spiritual, Less-ego, Liberating, Theory â€Å"X, Y, Z†, Traits, etc. and that different researches call them different things and there is a lot of overlap between them. There are of course other leadership theories that I have not listed above due to the limited space available. The leadership styles, traits, characteristics and approaches that I have outlined below are a broad generalisation of leadership in terms of Australian / British i.e. Western Leadership and Arab / Indian i.e. Eastern Leadership. The seminal work in the field of cross-cultural leadership was by Greet Hofsteed 1980 which has been widely cited, he study 100,000.00 employees of IBM from 49 countries and cultures over a 6 year period from 1967 to 1973 and identified four leadership dimensions to compare leadership differences and similarities, these dimension are: Individualism / Collectivism (Refer Item 5 6 below); Hierarchy, Status and Power Distance; (Refer Item 8 below); Uncertainty Avoidance (Refer Item 9 below); and Masculinity (Refer Item 2 below). The study was of one organisation IBM and one industry, and as such these dimension are generalisations of organisational and national cultural. This work has formed the bases for other researches, to replicate, extend and refute this, one such works was the GLOBE Study. The Globe Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness Research Program House 2004, from hear on will be referred to as the â€Å"Globe Study† for the rest of Leadership Research Project. The GLOBE Study examined 62 cultures across 3 industries (Financial Services, Food Processing and Telecommunications), how culture related to societal, organisational and leadership effectiveness. It studied 17,300.00 managers in 951 organisations and tested 27 hypotheses over a 5 year from 1992 to 1997. The Globe Study examined leadership from the followers point of view and used Hofsteed 1980 original four dimensions albeit renamed and added five new cultural dimensions listed below: Future Orientation; Gender Egalitarianism (Refer Item above 4); Assertiveness; Humane Orientation; In-Group Collectivism (Refer Item above 1); Institutional Collectivism (Refer Item above 1); Performance Orientation; Power Concentration vs. Decentralisation (Refer Item above 2); and Uncertainty Avoidance (Refer Item above 3). Refer to Appendix A for Definitions of item 1 to 9 above. The Global Study identified six major global leadership behaviours: Autonomous; Charismatic / Value-Based; Humane Oriented; Participative; Self-Protective; and Team Oriented. Refer to Appendix A for Definitions of item 1 to 6 above. They also identified 22 attributes that are universally accepted across the 62 cultures for effective Leadership: Trustworthy; Just; Honest; Foresight; Plans ahead; Encouraging; Positive; Dynamic; Motive arousers; Confidence Builder; Motivational; Dependable; Intelligent; Decisive; Effective bargainor; Win-win problems solver; Administrative Skilled; Communicative; Informed; Coordinator Team Builder; and Excellence oriented. They also identified 8 attributes that are universally not accepted across the 62 cultures for effective Leadership: Loner; Asocial; Non-cooperative; Irritable; Non-explicit; Egocentric; Ruthless; and Dictatorial. Jacob 2005 suggests that there are short comings of global sweep studies as cultural and management are dynamic and constantly evolving where these studies are a static snapshot of a country orientation. She then goes on to say cross-cultural managers should be able to gauge what types of leadership behaviour works in a particular culture and develop skills which enable them to assume the required leadership behaviour, this reinforces my argument above regarding Situational Leadership. She cites Fiedler who suggests that leadership style used should match the situational requirements. I think that the cultural dimensions and typologies that are outlined in this paper and that were identified by Hofseed (1980), Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (2000), House et al (2004) and others have there place, and are a good indicator for organisations and individual leaders who are proposing or are already actively operating in a different culture and country to there own e.g. Australian / Middle East / Indian. As this will give them an indicative guide to what attributes are universal across cultures, are considered good and bad and specific to a particular culture and what followers expect from there leader. I will identify below the individual attributes of the Western Easter Leaders as identified by Hofsteed 1980 and the Globe Study 2004. Western Leadership Approaches Australian and England â€Å"Anglo† Generally According to House et al 2007 1 P297 Generally Leaders from Anglo Countries i.e. Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa (White Sample) and the USA are highly performance orientated, mildly assertiveness, future orientation, gender egalitarianism, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance but low on in-group collectivism. Leaders from these countries generally support a charismatic / Value Based Leadership Approach, Style, Traits, Characteristics very strongly compared to other countries. It also quiet strongly supported Team Oriented Leadership and elements of participated leadership which enacted in humane oriented manner. Self-Protective Behaviours were viewed negatively a â€Å"Person Oriented† Leadership is endorsed by all Anglo countries where results are expected to be delivered and achieved by the leader by operating in a team. Australian The Australian management and leadership style I was born and breed in Australia which has influenced my leadership style, approach, characteristics, traits etc. This was developed through cultural influences both organisational and societal i.e. values, beliefs, morals, ethics, customs, rituals, artefacts, language, social class, generation, gender,†¦ which are learned and engrained in you from an early age. The generalisation of Australian Leadership style, approach, characteristics, traits etc. are Generally in Australia our culture and leadership is an enigma which is full or contradiction and change this has been developed over our relatively short history from European Settlement in1788 by the British to present day, which has included the following: Pre- and Early Settlement; Government and Politics; Economy; Australia as a Multicultural, Tolerant and Pluralist Society; Relationship with Other Countries. Values Egalitarianism â€Å"Mateship† and â€Å"A Fair Go† Inspirational not Charismatic Individual Rewards Performance Oriented â€Å"One of the Boys† Distrust of Politics and Politicians National Identity with the Heroism of the Anzacs Australia Continued Refer to table 9.1 P. 305 British The British management and leadership style General Specific Refer to Australia for details Eastern Leadership Approaches Arabic We had to extrapolate the GLOBE Study data for the Middle East to Dubai, UAE as only Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, Kuwait, Morocco were researched the Globe Study. I will have to extrapolate the Middle East Data to Dubai, UAE as only Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, Kuwait, Morocco were researched the Globe Study. I acknowledge that there are differences between countries and industries. General Specific Refer to Australia for details Indian, Pakistani, etc. General Specific Refer to Australia for details Indian is a spiritual culture Ethics and Social Responsibility With regards to ethics and social responsibility within the context of Dubai, UAE and the construction industry / construction companies I worked with this issue does not exist it has been my experience. Practical Implications Conclusions and Recommendations So as a Western Leader and Manager, who is managing Indians for example you should exhibit the following behaviours in the followers eyes if you do not already posses them. Culture and Leadership are inextricably linked. There is a need for further research in the area of cre Due to the globalisation of business and the mix of cultures References / Bibliography I have used APA or Harvard citation in this Leadership Research Project. Books 1. Sinclair, A. (2007). Leadership for the disillusioned Moving beyond myths and heroes to leading that liberates. Allen Unwin: ISBN: 978-1-7417-5100-0. 2. Jackson, B. Parry, K. (2008). A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership. Sage: ISBN: 978-1-4129-2848-5 3. Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck, Robert J. House (2007). Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Cultures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: ISBN 0-8058-5997-7 Journals 1. Dawish A. Yousef College of Business Economics, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Correlates of perceived leadership style in a culturally mixed environment Leadership Organisation Development Journal 19,5 (1998) 275 284 MCB University Press (ISSN 0143-7739); 2. Nina Jacob Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Post Bus, The Netherlands Cross-cultural investigations: emerging concepts Journal of Organisational Change Management Vol. 18 No. 5, 2005 pp. 514 528 Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0953-4814. Appendices Appendix A Definitions GLOBE Study 2004 Future Orientation; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies engage in future-oriented behaviours such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying individual or collective gratification. Gender Egalitarianism; Is the extent to which an organisations or societies minimises gender role differences while promoting gender equity and the equality of genders. Assertiveness; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in social relationships Humane Orientation; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, kind to others, and exhibiting and promoting altruistic ideals. In-Group Collectivism (Collectivism II); Reflects the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organisations, families, circle of close friends, or other such small groups. Institutional Collectivism (Collectivism I); Reflects the degree to which organisational and societal institutional practises encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. Performance Orientation; Refers to the extent to which high level members of organisations or societies encourage and reward group members for performance improvement and excellence. Power Distance Is the degree to which members of an organisation and society encourage and reward unequal distribution of power with greater power at higher levels. Uncertainty Avoidance. Is the extent to which members of an organisation or society strive to avoid uncertainty by relying on established social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to decrease the probability of unpredictable future events that could adversely affect the operation of an organisation or society, and also remedy the potential adverse effects of such unpredictable future events. Ch. 1 Introduction Culture Page 3 and 4 Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck, Robert J. House (2007). Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Cultures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: ISBN 0-8058-5997-7 Mr. Matthew C. Smith (S2748489) Draft Leadership Project Assignment 13 of 15 Rev. 1 12/02/2010 1:47pm 5158 Master of Business Administration (MBA) South Bank Leadership Characteristics Australian England Arabic Indian Universal Differences General Attributes Specific Attributes Game Metaphor Mateship Work Ethic Caution Adversarial One of Us Tall Poppy Underdog Pragmatic Mr. Matthew C. Smith (S2748489) Draft Leadership Project Assignment 13 of 15 Rev. 1 12/02/2010 1:47pm 5158 Master of Business Administration (MBA) South Bank Brainstorming / Ideas to be used or not â€Å"Leadership inexorably intertwinded with Culture† P.2 Cultural Methology and Global Leadership Edited by Eric H. Kessler and Diana J. Wong-Mingji† â€Å"Leadership is something that is co-produced within a specific context† and â€Å"Leadership is co-produced by leaders and followers† Ch. 4 Cultural Perspectives on Leadership Page 61 A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership Brad Jackson and Ken Parry. â€Å"Leadership is essentially a cultural activity it is suffused with values, beliefs, language, rituals and artefacts† Page 63 Culture Leadership A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership Brad Jackson and Ken Parry. â€Å"Culture Shock† I want to mention this. â€Å"Cultural Intelligence† Change management / leadership style and ideas to suit cultural context i.e. Situational Leadership. Sarros Santora leadership is embedded in social and cultural beliefs and values, and cannot be fully understood apart from the context in which it exists.

Comparative Analysis of Marketing for Nikon

Comparative Analysis of Marketing for Nikon 1. Introduction 1.1 Background With the remarkable improvement of peoples living standard, cameras have become necessities, and owing to their affordable price, many own cameras. Undoubtedly, cameras provide an easy way to record every occasion. There are multiple kinds of cameras can be found everywhere. However, different cameras are designed for a variety of areas and specific purposes. For instance, single lens reflex cameras are designed for amateurs. Nikon and Canon are both worldwide well-known camera producers, whose products are functional, well-designed, and widely used. (Canon, 2010 e) (Nikon, 2010 f) Nikon with its slogan at the heart of the image, is well-known not only for its advanced technology, but for its trustable quality (Nikon, 2010 a). On the other hand, Canon is a celebrated camera producer and now is a global corporation. Its purpose is to be used all over the world (Canon, 2010 a). 1.2 Theory 1.2.1 Market mix Marketing mix, which is described as the 4Ps as well, is the combination of product, promotion, place and price. Related to segmentation, the marketing strategies are usually used on customers in market, with an aim to satisfy their needs and wants, therefore generating profit (Hall D. et al, 2008:75). 1.2.2 Segmentation Market Segmentation is the division of customers according to their individualities. By market segmenting, companies focus on assured groups of consumers and use particular marketing strategies (Hall D. et al, 2008:66). 1.3 Aims The goals of this report are to analyze how the same grade cameras Nikon D90 and Canon 50D make up their marketing mix (product, promotion, place and price) for the products to obtain good sales in China. In addition, the report will illustrate the targeted segments of Canon 50D and Nikon D90. 2. Findings regarding Nikon D90 and Canon 50D 2.1 Product Gillespie (2007:29) mentions that a product can be identified on three major levels namely, core, tangibility and augmentation. Fundamentally, utility and design are the most notable factor for Single-lens reflex cameras to attract clients. A further important issue is after-sales service which must be considered as well. 2.1.1 Product of Nikon D90 Nikon D90 requires a CMOS with 12.3 million effective pixels and the selling point of D90 is its recording function. Its weight is merely 622g, as its body is made of quality plastic. This design makes it feel tout and appressed, it is therefore easier to hold (Dprview, 2010 a). Furthermore, although most companies provide after-sales service, it always takes a long time for repair. Nikon (2010 b) states that, they understand the importance of the products to customers. Therefore, they have been taking great efforts to accelerate after-sales service. 2.1.2 Product of Canon 50D From the other side, Canon 50D is also a successful Single-lens reflex camera. Its selling point is 15.1 million effective pixels. The weight of 50D is 822g since it is made of iron (Dprview, 2010 b). In order to provide immediate and trustworthy supports, Canon gives out the description of 50D and its instruction in the Chinese market. The company emphasizes that After-sales service that ensures safe use of products over a long term is vital to maintaining customers trust in the Canon brand (Canon, 2010 b). 2.1.3 The Comparison of D90 and 50D products Both Nikon D90 and Canon 50D has their own selling point, as mentioned above, Nikon D90 has its advanced recording function, similarly, Canon improves 50D pixels to be 15.1 million, which is also an enhanced technology. Moreover, both companies realize the increasing importance of after-sales service and have been working to improve it to satisfy their customers. 2.2 Promotions 2.2.1 Promotion of Canon 50D Canon promotes 50D chiefly by exhibitions and fairs. By attending multitude of exhibitions, it shows its environmentally conscious products and environmental endeavors to the public. Taking advantage of the exhibitions, Canon attempts to illustrate detailed actions of Canon Environmental Vision (Canon, 2010 c). 2.2.2 Promotion of Nikon D90 Nikon promotes primarily in two ways. One of them is through clubs. Nikon founds many clubs with a significant number of consumers all over the world. It provides several broadband networks and a terrific computer for professional support. Nikon is trying hard to demonstrate the environment-friendly of its products and build a strong relationship with the public (Nikon, 2010 c). Another promotion is discount. Nikon announced that customers, who bought D90 during the period from March 1 to May 31, could receive 1200 RMB back. This is an effective way to encourage people to purchase their products (Nikon, 2010 d). 2.2.3 The comparison of Nikon D90 and Canon 50D Nikon and Canon have a variety of promotions of their products, whereas, they are different from each other. However, there is no denying that, both of them do very well on promotion. 2.3 Place 2.3.1 Place of Nikon D90 The primary distribution of Nikon D90 is retail stores. Nikon authorizes a significant number of traders, including retailers and wholesalers, providing convenience for people to purchase their products (Nikon, 2010e). Wholesalers assist in directly distributing products to retailers and customers. It is difficult to distribute well without wholesalers help, for Nikon is a gigantic corporation. 2.3.2 Place of Canon 50D Canon 50D is sold mainly in retail stores. It is available in a large number of Canon stores around the world. Another way to purchase a Canon 50D is from a direct online store. Customers can review its details and price on the website and make an order easily (Canon, 2010 d). 2.3.3 The Comparison of Nikon D90 and Canon50D places Due to convenience and efficiency, retail stores become popular and common regularly. Consequently, both companies primarily focus on retail distribution. However, Canon provides online stores as well to provide reliable products. 2.4 Price The price of Canon 50D is set around 5580 RMB in Chinese market (Zhongguangchun, 2010 a). On the other hand, the price of Nikon D90 is 6200 RMB (Zhongguangchun, 2010 b). The chart is drawn according to the questionnaire investigation on public SLR amateurs in Guangzhou 2010. It shows different price ranges that people are willing to pay for a single-lens reflex camera. The chart demonstrates that forty-eight percentages are willing to pay for Single-lens reflex camera less than 5000 Yuan. The prices of D90 and 50D are approximately 6000 RMB that is higher than most people anticipated, merely thirty-two percentages of people are willing to pay for a camera at this price. However, there are still many amateurs accept higher price. 2.4.1 The Comparison of Nikon D90 and Canon50D prices The competition of camera marketing is severe. The price of their products is always approximately the same, for both of them keep an eye on each other. However Nikon 90D is a little more expensive, it is hard to clarify that which one is better since both of them have their different selling points and strengths. Therefore, the choice between them depends on what buyers need. 2.5 Segmentations Fundamentally, both Nikon D90 and Canon 50D target amateurs as their primary customers. The people who love photography but are not professionals are the most potential group. A significant feature of these users is that, they take appearance and accessories as the most considerable factors since these are seen as reflection of their identity Another segmenting is gender. There is a contrast between Nikon D90 and Canon 50D. The goal of Nikon D90 is to satisfy female, for which its body is made of quality plastic to reduce its weight. Conversely, Canon 50D is more likely to meet males needs, for which its weight is not necessary to be considered. 3. Conclusion 3.1 Summary To sum up, marketing mix plays a significant role in business and it associates with the market segmenting closely. To obtain a good market share, a company should have a strong and suitable marketing mix to satisfy consumers wants and needs. It has been demonstrated by the findings above, that both market segmentation and marketing mix are essential to business. From these comparisons we can draw the following conclusion that, there are plenty of commons between Nikon D90 and Canon 50D, such as their target customers, however, they are different in some other aspects, such as their promotion. However, both of them gain satisfying market shares. 3.2 Recommendations 3.2.1 For Nikon Although Nikon D90 is sold well in Chinese marketing, the distribution of the D90 could be improved to make it more perfect. As there are lots of fake products in the market of China, Nikon is strongly recommended to open an online shop to avoid this phenomenon 3.2.2 For canon Although 50D has obtained good sales for Canon, it is still necessary to ameliorate the marketing mix. Because the price of 50D is slightly higher than people expected, if discount is offered, Canon 50D could be sold better in China.

Essay --

In September of 2000, the leaders of 189 nations across the globe met at the United Nations headquarters in New York to participate in the UN Millennium summit. The leaders and members at this summit agreed to the UN Millennium declaration, which contained the eight-millennium development goals (MDGs). The purpose of these goals was to help remove poverty, improve the development, society and governance structure in these countries in order to help these countries fully develop without any lag. The deadline to achieve these goals is 2015. The eight-millennium development goals contain: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child morality rates, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDs, malaria and other universal diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and to develop a global partnership for development. The republic of Maldives is an island nation off the coast of India. It consists of 26 chain islands surrounded by the Indian Ocean. For the most part, the Maldives Islands have been independent until other countries invaded. The invasion only lasted several years at a time throughout history. In 2010 the Maldives Country Report to the United Nations stated that, â€Å"it was the first country in South Asia to make the most progress, evidently achieving five of the eight goal millennium development goals† (Maldives Country Report). Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger: Poverty reduction is one of the main goals the countries government focused on throughout the development process. The targets the country set to eliminate extreme poverty were to reduce the population who lived on less than $1 a day to less than 1%, achieve full and produ... ...arly in the atolls, through deeper economic diversification and corporatization/privatization of public services† (Maldives Country Report). Due the size of the country, gross domestic production (GDP) and population being very small compared to other countries, the government of Maldives is enrolled in far to many sectors. Currently, the nation is receiving $300 million in annual funding and all of this money is going in to education, healthcare, transport and harbor development. The country still has a lot more to achieve economically. The government now wants to develop new policies to improve public finance management, give an upper hand to the private sector, reach out to more tourism and vitally â€Å"deal comprehensively with the debt problem through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term† (Maldives Country Report).

Fichtes Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays

Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ... Fichte's Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ...

Monet Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Monet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years there have been many respectable artists but one of the most famous of these artists would have to have been French impressionist Claude Oscar Monet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monet was born on Nov. 14, 1840 in Paris, France and started showing an appreciation for art at an early age. When he was nineteen Monet decided that he wanted to attend art school and soon after that he entered the studio of Charles Glegre. While he was there he met and worked with other respectable artists such as Frederic Bazille, Auguset Renoir, and Alfred Sisley.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monet began working outside with the invention of portable tubes of oil paint in the 1840’s. Soon he began presenting his pictures of the outdoors sunlight with a direct sketch-like application of bright color. Many felt that would cut off any possibilities of him ever becoming a successful painter. Many of Monet’s paintings from this time are extremely loosely structured and the colors seemed to have been applied in strong, distinct strokes as if no   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   II reworking had been attempted. This type of art seemed to suggest that the a...

Abuse of the Executive Powers of the President Essay

In the United States our President has many powers that are granted to him when they are elected into office. They have the ability to change the budget, to either cut back on spending, or implement new programs to help their citizens. They can veto a bill that they think is not ready to be made law yet and send it back to congress for further evaluation. They can appoint Supreme Court Justices. They also are the Commander in Chief of all U.S. armies, and they even have the power to send troops over to foreign nations in times of hostility in some circumstances. There are many who believe that the powers of the president are sometimes abused, especially as the Commander in Chief. There have been several instances in our Nation’s history in which the President has been able to wiggle their way around the constitutional limitations that are given of the Commander in Chief. Even though the president is unable to actually declare war he can use his powers to advance a conflict. The article Congressional War Powers, The Commander in Chief and Senator John Mccain describes how this is achieved by stating â€Å"Technically only congress has the power to declare war but the President can act unilaterally to repel sudden attacks made on U.S. Soil† (Bowling, 2008, p. 1). Presidents use these executive powers to engage in a conflict that they believe needs to be settled in times of crisis. The Constitution has a system within-it that tries to grant separate but equal powers to all branches of government called checks and balances. Although this system of checks and balances is supposed to be followed, there are ways which certain branches of government can gain more power than others. Often the President is the one who abuses the system, and uses their executive powers for their own advantages. These powers granted to the President have been abused more and more throughout our Nation’s recent history and it needs to be limited to make sure that the leader of the United States is making decisions which are best for his citizens. Literature Review In the book Executive privilege, Presidential Power, secrecy and accountability Mark Rozel defines executive privilege and how it has been implemented over time. He focuses on several cases where executive privilege has been abused including the Nixon, George W. Bush, and Clinton administrations. He brings insight on how they took the power too far and  how the country felt about their actions. The article Conflicts between the commander in chief and Congress (2008) written by Jules Lobel focuses on the Bush administration, and how the president took his powers of commander in chief too far. According to the article the administration â€Å"ignores or greatly minimizes Congress’s Constitutional Powers to declare War† (2008, p. 391). This is a prime indicator that the president is gaining too much power. Another article, CONGRESSIONAL WAR POWERS, THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF AND SENATOR JOHN MCCAIN, (2008) written by Jeremy L. Bowling, Richard D. Caldwell, Ryan C. Hendrickson, and John S. Morris, focuses on how the system of separation of powers was supposed to divide the powers of the government equally, but describes how the president has used his unilateral powers too much. The article also focuses on John McCain’s views about using and restricting the powers of commander in chief. Another article that focuses on the executive powers of the president is Controlling Executive Power in the War on Terrorism written by Mark Tushnet (2005). This article analyzes what the government’s response is to outbreaks of war. It describes how Congress and the president interact with one another during times of crisis to decide what should be done. It elaborates on the difficult struggle that the government faces during these times. Usually the president has final say of what to do during these times. Another article that focuses on a different way the president can gain too much power is The Most Dangerous Branch: Executive Power to Say What the Law Is written by Michael Stokes Paulsen (1994). This article goes into depth about just how much power the president has compared to the other branches of government. One of the main points it asserts is that the president has the power to interpret the law before executing it which can play a big role in how the country is ran. Discussion ` Our country’s Constitution was arranged in a way, and developed over the years to make sure that no branch of government would become more powerful than the others. It has been amended and changed throughout history so that it can adapt to the way that citizens’ views change. Although the Constitution is written in ink it does not mean that there is one way of interpreting the meanings of laws and amendments. The constitution grants Executive Power to the President but there are also  powers called the inherent powers which are other powers guaranteed to the President, including conducting foreign policy, making treaties, using executive privilege which is used to keep diplomatic and military secrets private. These powers can be very dangerous because they can be taken advantage of, and interpreted in a way that can give the president the upper hand over the two other branches of government. Michael Paulsen describes why the Executive Branch of government is the most dangerous by stating â€Å"The executive possesses Force, Will, and Judgment the power to interpret the law. He has the sole duty and prerogative to direct and control the manner in which the laws are executed† (1994, p. 219). If a person gets elected to president who is selfish or does not have good morals then these powers could prove to be very harmful to the nation’s well-being. There have been several instances in our nation’s history where the President has acted not in the best interest of the nation, but in the best interest of themselves and his supporters. This builds mistrust in citizens about the government, and makes them question whether they actually have as much influence in the government that is promised to them by the Constitution. A power that has been abused recently, and interpreted in a certain way that makes it easy to be in favor of the president is the power of commander in chief. The president is not able to declare war officially but he can sure be one of the causes for it. Even if the majority of the country feels that war should be avoided the president still has the power to send troops over to foreign nations if there is a threat to the national security of the country. The president then has to prove why their decision to send troops to foreign nations is justified. Even if citizens do not agree with him, as long as he proves that he is trying to protect the nation, he is able to engage in the conflict. One of the most recent displays of taking advantage of executive power is when the Bush administration sent troops to Afghanistan to fight the War on Terror. President Bush had told the citizens of the United states that there was suspicion that Afghanistan had weapons of mass destruction which justified him to send troops to check out the situation. According to Jules Lobel in the article Conflicts between the Commander in Chief and Congress â€Å"President Bush had the right to not only regulate and direct troops but also hold enemy combatants against their will  for interrogation† (2008, p.392). This was a nice way of letting citizens know that the Bush administration was willing to do anything, even torture to retrieve information from individuals who they suspected knew something. The administration also felt that it was necessary to begin wiretapping peoples’ phones in order to protect citizens. This outraged a lot of citizens that felt like their privacy was being violated, and the government was over stepping its boundaries. It is true that during times of war or conflict the president has the power as commander in chief to take necessary actions in order to keep the country safe, but in some circumstances that power is over used and can almost become an excuse to carry out laws and regulations without the approval of congress. This power has proven that there needs to be some limitations on what the president can or can not do during times of conflict. Another power which has shown throughout history to be abused by the president is executive privilege. This is the ability for the president to withhold information that they feel is necessary to keep secret for the good of the public. This is a useful tool to the president and it can be used to keep the public from panicking in times of crises, and also to protect citizens from criminals who are try to receive information. It can also be used to prevent legislative oversight on foreign policy, so that the president can cooperate with other nations as he pleases. It is necessary to justify the use of executive privilege, and there have been several circumstances where there was no proof to explain the action. The most controversial issue in our Nation’s history is when President Nixon attempted to use executive privilege to cover up the Watergate scandal. He tried to withhold information from congress to protect him, as well as his constituents from getting in trouble. He could not explain the need for secrecy of the situation. Mark Rozell explains in his book executive privilege that â€Å"confidentiality was the vehicle for the cover-up of the criminal acts and conspiracies by his aides† (2002, p.53). It also explains in the book how Nixon attempted to expand executive privilege to all executive branch officials (2002, p.65). If this were to happen then the executive branch would without a doubt become the most powerful branch of government because they could use executive privilege to trump almost  anything. The Watergate scandal had truly made citizens question the reliability and honesty of the federal government. This was the first time in American History where the president attempted to cheat the system solely for his own benefit. The disapproval rating of the national government at the time directly after the scandal had dropped dramatically, and legislators began to think how to limit executive powers of the president, but would not be able to affectively come up with a solution. The Clinton administration also refused to release to congressional investigators that the White House deemed subject to executive privilege†(Rozel 2002,p. 124). He was trying to cover up his personal affairs so that he would not look bad in the nation’s eyes, and although the court claimed that this use of executive privilege was improper, and he was impeached, he still remained to be in office. The power to interpret the power of executive privilege has simply gotten out of hand and there are some individuals who believe â€Å"the power to interpret the law, including the Constitution, is like any other power too important to vest in a single set of hands† (Paulsen 1994, p. 222). This is a power of the government that continues to be abused by the president and congress has tried to figure out a way to control this power, but has remained unsuccessful. Citizens may wonder why the other two branches are hesitant about limiting the president’s power to use executive privilege. One of the reasons is because as Lobel states â€Å"The constitutional concern with congressional interference with the President’s Command er in Chief power over warfare typically focuses on detailed congressional micromanagement of the conduct of war (2008, p. 401). It is an issue to take away the executive power of the president especially as commander in chief, because although congress might make a more affective decision to a situation in times of crises, the time it would take for senators and house representatives to agree on what to do would be too costly and timely that it would hardly be effective. Congress is just too big to come to a fast conclusion that the majority agrees upon. There have been several presidents, including Franklin Delanore Roosevelt, who used executive power to change policy that actually made a positive difference in society. Roosevelt portrayed his use of executive power when he made the New Deal. The executive power is an important factor in the political process but Its primary concern is what â€Å"Professors Bradley and Goldsmith call Executive  Branch unilateralism, a fear that Presidents acting on their own might make unsound decisions, engaging in too much (or too little) military action, intruding on liberties too much (or too little)†(Tushnet, 2005, p. 2674). Presidents have a lot of power, and they can choose to make decisions that are for the well-being of our country, but the decisions that they make on their own needs to be limited so that they do not make a decision that is unconstitutional or morally wrong. There have been many instances in our nation’s history where presidents have abused their power to implement their views on policer war, or to protect themselves. Some presidents have used their executive power to change America for the better, but recently this power is interpreted in such ways that can make the president more powerful than the other branches of government, especially during times of war or when there is a conflict on policy. Citizens should be able to decide whether the country should go to war or not, instead of outing that extremely dangerous power into the hands of one man. Yes it is true citizens elect the president but they can not tell how they are going to act once in office. Presidents use strategies to get elected so that once they are in office they can do what they actually believe should be done. There have been several attempted scandals and cover-ups from former presidents to keep them from getting in trouble and the executive power still remains to be misused. The president is the leader of the nation, and should act on behalf of all people, not just on behalf of himself and his constituents. The powers of the president need to be limited even more especially during times of crisis, so that there is not too much power placed in one pair of hands, and so that the views of all citizens can be heard.