The Importance of Samuel Pepys Diary - 596 Words

The Importance of Samuel Pepys Diary Imagine witnessing one of the most defining points in the history of England and living to speak of it, Samuel Pepys did just that. Samuel Pepys kept a diary while major events in history went on throughout his life. Pepys began writing his dairy on January 1, 1660 and concluded it in 1669. The diary contained Samuel Pepys inner most personal thoughts and was only intended for personal keeping but went on to become famous. Samuel Pepys diary is one of the most important pieces of literature in England’s history because it tells descriptive information about the coronation of King Charles II, detailed crucial events in history, and outlined how people lived in mid-17th century England. Samuel Pepys wrote about many important things in his diary and one of those items happened to be about King Charles II coronation. Pepys started writing April 22, 1661, the day before the coronation. He wrote about the King’s procession Ye Tower to White Hall which is where the coronation was to be held. Pepys was very excited for this day writing, â€Å"it is impossible to relate the glory of this day† (Samuel Pepys). He wrote about the party in the streets and the excitement of the day. The following day was the coronation. The coronation day it-self was a very glorious and special day for all the people in England. Pepys wrote his observations on how many people were there, praised the king and how marvelous he looked, and took into account the order inShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Bubonic Plague and the Great Fire of London893 Words   |  4 Pagesbooks, biographies, autobiographies and narratives, of which one source of history material is the diary of Samuel Pepys, which shows hundreds of scenes from his life including civil servants committees, Members of Parliament in debate, concerts and music, friends on a river outing, assignations that he attended, domestic tiffs, and current national issues. Pepys diary is composed of his observations of people instead of just facts and figures, that help a reader to relateRead MoreMarriage in Seventeenth-Century England: the Woman’s Story2327 Words   |  10 Pagesthe status of a married person gave a woman respectability and social prestige. This, together with the fact that it was very difficult for women to find ways of making an independent living, meant that securing a husband was a matter of great importance. Theoretically, it was possible for two people to marry very young. The minimum legal age was 12 years for women and 14 years for men. In addition, it was possible for the couple to get engaged at the age of 7, with the right to break off theRead MoreLibertine Values in the 18th Century1981 Words   |  8 Pagesrevitalized the need for independent growth. During this time we see the introduction of several key writers that provide a timestamp of the effects of libertine and individualistic values on the 18th century including Wycherley, Locke, Rochester, Pope, and Pepys. Each writer provides a slightly different take on the changes that occurred during this time period and by piecing together common elements of each, a unified impression of the individual begins form. When the picture of the individual is shaped,Read MoreChaos and Order in Twelfth Night2766 Words   |  12 PagesThe only reference to Twelfth Night during Shakespeare’s own lifetime is to a performance on February 2, 1602. A law student named John Manningham wrote in his diary about a feast he attended at the Middle Temple in London where he was a law student and where â€Å"we had a play called Twelfth Night; Or, What You Will. This was likely to have been an early performance since it is generally agreed that the play was probably written in 1601. In 1954 Sir Leslie Hotson’s book, The First Night of TwelfthRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pagesmedium of printmaking), each of which is extremely durable and exactly like its predecessor. A mold is usually destroyed after the desired number of castings has been made. Traditionally, bronze statues were placed atop pedestals to signify the importance of the figure depicted. A statue of William Seward (below), the U. S. Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and who negotiated the purchase of the Alaska territories is set nearly eight feet high so viewers must look up at him. Standing next

Charles Darwin s Theory On Evolution Essay - 1074 Words

Where and how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? Charles Darwin’s theory on evolution, which is called natural selection, is based on the idea of species naturally adapting to their surrounding environment to better the species chances for survival. Creationism, on the other hand, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation. Both are theories on life, and how such life came to be thing we all know. It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change. These theories provide a convincing argument explaining why the other one is wrong, having a unique counter argument for each statement that is said. Each of these theories explain how life came to be, but in such different ways from one another. Charles Darwin is a known geologist that had many works published that introduced the idea of evolution and was widely accepted among t he scientific community. Creationism is a theory based on the belief that a God, a being worshiped in many different ways throughout religions, made the universe and all life within it. While it is ones decision to determine which theory to side with, knowledge existing on both of the theories of evolution and creationism should be known by everyone. Evolution is the fundamental foundation for the study of modern biology, supporting the study of all life and living organisms. Charles Darwin was bestShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologists who had come the closest for closing the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologistRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution801 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of Evolution is one of the greatest intellectual revolutions of human history. It can drastically change our perception of the world and our place in it. Charles Darwin created a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. During this time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and adaptation was the work of the creator. A fellow scientist Carl Linnaeus created a system of classifications that we still use today. Charles RobertRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1750 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is remembered for his theory of evolution. Much controversy surrounds Darwin s theory. Questions abound. Is evolution a four billion year old process, creating life forms primarily at random but each shaped by an ever-changing and complex environment, that has resulted in all of the wondrous life forms that surround us? Or are all of those beautiful elements of our nature, along with the vastness and majesty of the entire universe, a creation of an intellect of vast intelligence andRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1055 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist, he was known greater for his contributions for the evolution theory. Darwin wrote a book in 1859 it was published and became the greatest and well known book. The name of the book was â€Å"On the Origin of Species†. In the book he wrote about his theory of evolution by natural selection, he discovered how the process of how organisms change as time goes on. Changes in traits and the organism’s physical behavior. Darwin believe change happensRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus es tablished the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spiritRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution951 Words   |  4 Pagesmore vigorously than in America’s public school science classrooms. Of particular concern for school administrators and the educators whom they supervise, are the repeated efforts of Christian fundamentalists to replace the teaching of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection with Biblical Creationism. During the past ninety years, many legal cases have further defined the boundary of that wall of separation. In response, the methods employed by the proponents of Biblical CreationismRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1957 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscusses the theory of evolution in detail. Topics this paper will address include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as well as highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the theory and e xamining how effective the theory is in today’s world. I. Description of the theory The theory of evolution sets forth an explanation of how all of the living species on Earth came to be. The theory as we know it today, written by Charles Darwin, states thatRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution2319 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin is commonly known for writing On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. Based on his findings, Darwin concluded to â€Å"the theory of evolution, [by which] is the process of which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable or behavioral traits† (Than, 2015). Certain changes that occurred in the organism s’ environment allowed it to evolve, survive, and produce offspring with those developed traits. He recorded his findings while aboard the second voyage of H.M.SRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pages Darwin and his Followers Charles Darwin is one of the most well known names in the United States for good reason. His theory of evolution through natural selection was not only revolutionary in the scientific world, but were also applied to society by some of his followers in this country. Some of these applications were beneficial to society while others simply allowed people to use his teachings for their own goals. While not apparent at first, Darwin does believe in a meaning in life similarRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Survival of the fittest† is one of the greatest concepts discussed by Charles Darwin (who is known as the father of evolution) and which has also affected many species throughout the world over the years, including us! As presented in his theory of evolution, Charles Darwin explains how those with advantageous traits will be able to better survive than their fellow counterparts. In other words, organisms with traits best suited for their environment will have higher chances of surviving than those

Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Answer: Introduction: According to Australian Tax Laws, an inhabitant for expense reasons for existing is liable to salary charge on pay from all sources, while non-occupants for assessment designs are just subject to wage charge in Australia on their wage from Australian sources. (Kenny, 2016) There are four tests to figure out if an individual is an occupant for money charge purposes: (Australian Master Tax Guide 2016, 2016) in the event that they are making commitments to a Commonwealth superannuation store, in Australia for more than a large portion of the year, have their residence or changeless spot of habitation Australia, or in the event that they abide for all time or for a significant time in Australia. (Gary, 2016) An organization will be viewed as an Australian inhabitant for tax collection purposes in the event that it falls under any of the accompanying three criteria: (Wheelahan, 2016) joined in Australia, carries on business in Australia and focal administration and control is in Australia, or carries on business in Australian and it is controlled by Australian occupant shareholders. (Wilson, 2016) There are different issues while considering living arrangement in connection to the wellspring of wage. Individual effort pay is determined where the administrations are performed and for a benefit making action salary is the place the agreement is performed. Property wage is determined where the property is found, premium salary where the cash is loaned and profit wage where the paying organization is found.(Saad, 2014) Impermanent inhabitants are liable to the same capital additions charge (CGT) rules as remote occupants. In any case, there are particular principles where the CGT resource is an offer or right obtained under a worker offer plan and you are, or have been, an impermanent inhabitant (Deutsch, 2017) This implies on the off chance that you are a brief inhabitant, you will be liable to CGT on CGT occasions that happen to assessable Australian property. (Fisher, 2017) Individual is a transitory occupant in the event that he/she: hold a transitory visa conceded under the Migration Act 1958 are not an Australian occupant inside the importance of the Social Security Act,1991 try not to have a life partner who is an Australian occupant inside the significance of the Social Security Act 1991. (Becker, 2015) In the given case, Australian national and tech virtuoso, Marty Goodson, set up "Planks Pty Ltd", a tech business in Silicon Valley USA in 2012 growing new stages for website specialists and organizations all through the world. He joined the organization in the USA and issued five shares to himself and five shares to five of his companions. His companions now live in the US, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Each share was worth $100,000. Marty and his group utilized the $1,000,000 value money to build up an effective tech organization in just a couple of years. Amid the 2012/2013 monetary year, Marty's salary was $100,000, and he didn't come back to Australia. Amid the 2013/2014 money related year, Marty's wage was $200,000 and he came back to Australia amid the Christmas time frame for four weeks to invest energy with his mom, father, and sister. His sister and her better half live in his private home lease free. He met with his bookkeeper to talk about the status of his three business speculation properties in Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. He likewise went to a companion's birthday gathering and began to look all starry eyed at. Amid the 2014/2015 money related year, Marty's salary was $400,000 and he came back to Australia from the first September to the first April to invest energy with his better half. Amid the 2015/2016 money related year, Marty earned $100,000 before he came back to Australia for all time to wed the adoration for his life and begin a family. Amid the 2012/2013 money related year, Marty was the sole chief and settled on all the administration choices for the organization. The organization made $1,000,000 benefit. Amid the 2013/2014 money related year, the organization extended and the shareholders named a governing body who all dwell in the USA. In any case, it was generally expected by the staff that Marty still settled on all the critical choices. The organization made $10,000,000 benefit. Amid the 2014/2015 monetary year, Marty was named overseeing executive. From first September to the first April, Marty settled on all his administration choices from Australia, and completed all related business exercises, for example, marking contracts, and exchanging Platforms from Australia. The organization made $25,000,000 benefit. Amid the 2015/2016 money related year, Marty surrendered as overseeing executive, sold his shares to another tech organization for $50,000,000, and come back to Australia an extremely rich man. The org anization made $50,000,000 benefit. Therefore, as per the above provisions and rules of Australian Tax, Every one of the realities and conditions that portray an individual's conduct in Australia are important. Specifically, the accompanying components are valuable in portraying the quality and character of an individual's conduct: expectation or motivation behind nearness; family and business/work ties; upkeep and area of advantages; and social and living courses of action. (Woellner, 2016) No single component is fundamentally definitive and many are interrelated. The weight given to each component shifts relying upon individual conditions. Regardless of whether a significant time has slipped by to exhibit that the individual's conduct has the required coherence, routine or propensity is an issue of reality; that is, it relies on upon the conditions of each case. The Commissioner's perspective of the law is that six months is an extensive time when choosing whether the individual's conduct is reliable with dwelling here. At the point when conduct predictable with dwelling here is shown over a significant time, an individual is viewed as an inhabitant from the time the conduct starts. As residency is an issue of truth, people who are in Australia for under six months may build up they dwell here. Therefore, as per the above provisions and tax rules of Australian Tax, Marty shall be treated as Australian Resident only in the 2015/16 financial year for the purpose of taxation. No, Planks Pty Ltd is not an Australian Resident company as per the above tax laws as company can be residence only if the incorporation or carrying on business in Australia plus either management and control or voting power controlled by Australian residents.(Grubert, 2016) In the given case, Planks Pty Ltd was not incorporated at Australia nor controlled by Australian resident as Marty was considered as Australian resident in 2015/16 financial year in which he resigned from company and sold his shares also. Therefore, the case is identified with CGT occasion, transfer of an advantage. The season of transfer is the point at which the sale of share was gone into in the 2015/16 financial year. Marty can pick between indexation strategy and markdown ostensible technique. Indexation strategy: since he bought the shares of Planks Pty Ltd. So, Sale proceeds of shares $50,000,000 less indexation cost of shares shall be liable to tax. Since, Planks Pty Ltd is never being an Australian Resident so not tax liability will arise at Australia for any income earned by company. In the given case, Rommy purchased a nation property in provincial New South Wales in 2000 for $500,000. At first it was utilized as an end of the week withdraw and later as an end of the week side interest cultivate delivering a generally little amount of grapes which made a couple boxes of hold quality wine. Rommy at last drank 5 boxes consistently, gave 10 boxes away to companions, sold another 20 boxes at the nearby market on the one event he had a slowdown, and sold another 20 boxes in favor of the street outside his property with the help of a genuineness box. Each container was worth $20. In 2015, Rommy subdivided his property and sold it at an aggregate cost of $1,500,000. The given case is very similar to case law of Casimaty v FCT 97 ATC 5135 where the citizen was viably talented a ranch known as "Acton View" from his dad in 1955. From that point he did different essential generation exercises including a dairy operation and later the raising of hamburger and sheep supplemented by fleece developing and some trimming. None of these exercises were beneficial and by the mid 1970's the citizen started to collect critical obligation. Amid this period the citizen's wellbeing additionally started to essentially crumble. In like manner, while the citizen kept on attempting to make his cultivating exercises practical he decided in the mid 1970's that he had no real option except to auction bits of Acton View to decrease his enthusiasm bearing obligation. (Core Tax Legislation and Study Guide 2017, 2017) In assessing the applicable powers Ryan J. paid specific respect to Crow v FCT 88 ATC 4620 in which Lockhart J held that the buy and sub divisions of various properties by the citizen added up to carrying on a business of area improvement. Specifically, Ryan J alluded to the accompanying comments of Lockhart J at p 4625 for Crow's situation in talking about whether the offer of property was an insignificant acknowledgment or a demonstration done in the doing of a business: (Stiglingh, 2017) In achieving this view, the exchange was not done in an efficient manner respect was additionally had to the way that the citizen did not embrace any work past what was important to secure the endorsement of the metropolitan powers of the progressive arrangements of subdivision or improve the presentation of individual parcels. That is, in direct complexity to Stevenson's case, the citizen did not specifically promote for forthcoming buyers or build staying houses, inward fencing or different upgrades that would be characteristic of a man carrying on business as an area designer. Appropriately, Ryan J held that the citizen had procured and kept on holding "Acton View" basically for private and essential generation purposes. Further, reference to case law of McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 where the citizens, Bradley and Brett McCurry, have been surveyed to impose under changed appraisals issued on 5 May 1995 for the year of pay finished 30 June 1989 in appreciation of benefits totalling $75,811 each got from the offer of three townhouses at 20 Addison Avenue, Lake South. (Barkoczy, 2016) The Commissioner of Taxation affirms that the totals were assessable to impose under s 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) (``the Assessment Act'') or, on the other hand, that the entire or a part of the benefits was assessable to charge under Part IIIA of the Assessment Act as a capital increase. Court Said the citizens yielded at all times that the benefit determined on the offer of unit 1 was assessable. Why this was so has not been clarified. In any case, there is in proof a letter from the bookkeeper for the McCurry family to the Australian Taxation Office dated 8 March 1995, which set forward the case that the expectation of Bradley and Brett had been to erect three townhouses upon the Addison Avenue property, to offer unit 1 for benefit however to utilize units 2 and 3 as private habitations. The bookkeeper in this manner surrendered that the benefit from unit 1 was not assessable. The conflict set forward by the bookkeeper did not accord with the proof given by Bradley and Brett McCurry in these procedures and was not sought after. In any case, that seems to have been the wellspring of the concession that the benefit from unit 1 was assessable pay. The request of the Court will be that the applications are released with expenses.(Maurer, 2017) Further according to GST laws, Farmland we offer is without GST if both of the accompanying apply: (Coleman, 2017) the land was utilized for a cultivating business for no less than five years quickly before the deal the purchaser means to utilize it for a cultivating business. A rent by an Australian government office or a long haul rent of farmland is additionally GST free, if the above conditions are met. A long haul rent is a rent for at least 50 years or a rent that is probably going to proceed for no less than 50 years due to recharges or augmentations accommodated in the rent. (Lang, 2014) The offer of subdivided land utilized for a cultivating business for no less than five years is free from GST, if both of the accompanying apply: (Tang, 2016) it's reasonable to utilize the land for private purposes the supply is made to a partner of the provider for example, a relative or a firmly associated organization or trust for not as much as market esteem. In the event that owner offer farmland and owner don't meet the above conditions, the deal is assessable and owner obligated for GST on the cost. Therefore, from the above discussion on various case study and provisions of GST, Rommy should include following financial amount or income to his assessable income: Income from sale of wine boxes to local market and roadside and Shall be liable to GST on price of sale of land as he did not meet the requirements as above mentioned provisions. References List Australian Master Tax Guide 2016, CCH. Barkoczy, S. (2016). Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue. Becker, J., Reimer, E., Rust, A. (2015).Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer Law International. Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Hart, G., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., McLaren, J., Obst, W. Sadiq, K., Principles of Taxation Law 2017, Thomson Reuters. Core Tax Legislation and Study Guide 2017, Oxford University Press Deutsch, R., Friezer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P. Snape, T., Australian Tax Handbook 2017, Thomson Reuters. Fisher, R. Hodgson, H., Tax Questions and Answers 2017, Thomson Reuters. Gary, R. F., Moore, J. A., Sisneros, C. A., Terando, W. D. (2016). The impact of tax rate changes on intercorporate investment.Advances in Accounting,34, 55-63. Grubert, H., Altshuler, R. (2016). Shifting the Burden of Taxation from the Corporate to the Personal Level and Getting the Corporate Tax Rate Down to 15 Percent. Kenny, P., Australian Tax 2016, LexisNexis. Lang, M. (2014).Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Maurer, L., Port, C., Roth, T., Walker, J. (2017). A Brave New Post-BEPS World: New Double Tax Treaty Between Germany and Australia Implements BEPS Measures.Intertax,45(4), 310-321. Saad, N. (2014). Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1069-1075. Stiglingh, M., Venter, E. R., Penning, I., Smit, A. R., Schoeman, A., Steyn, T. L. (2017). Tax transparency reporting by the top 50 JSE-listed firms.South African Journal of Accounting Research,31(2), 151-168. Tang, C. (2016). Australian GST update2015.World Journal of VAT/GST Law,5(1), 32-41. Wheelahan, E. (2016). Contemporary issues in construing tax legislation.Taxation in Australia,51(4), 197. Wilson, J., Pender, K. (2016). The'litigious lottery': Costs orders in employment litigation.Ethos: Official Publication of the Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory, (241), 30. Woellner, Barkoczy, Murphy, Evans Pinto (2016), Australian Taxation Law, 28st ed., Oxford University Press.

King Lear Essays (512 words) - King Lear, British Films, Films

King Lear King Lear, in Shakespeare's tragic play, goes through drastic changes as a man, both father and king. He is forced to face the problems he causes when he turns over the kingdom to his two evil daughters Regan and Goneril. Lear's tragic flaw is his inability to see the true nature of people because of his pride and anger. This causes him to override his judgement. This is best shown when he disowns his most truthful and loyal daughter Cordelia. He much prefers his elder daughters Regan and Goneril because he liked their shameless flattering of him. He shows that he does not truly know his daughters, because he has never taken the time to. Lear will eventually lose his sanity, due to being mistreated by the two daughters to which he entrusted his entire kingdom. The King's loyal servant Kent, confronts the king about his decision to divide the kingdom between Regan and Goneril, and the banishing of Cordelia from the kingdom. Kent tries to make Lear see the error of his ways. Lear however is too stubborn and he in turn banishes Kent from the kingdom for questioning his authority. This shows Lear to be an egomaniacal power-hungry fool. The King moves in with Goneril and she tries to take away some of Lear's servants which infuriates him. He curses Goneril, and goes running to Regan. Lear is so blind to the fact that Regan and Goneril are conspiring against him, that he assumes that Regan will welcome him with open arms. When Lear finally does figure out that Regan shares the same feelings as Goneril, he is hesitant to confront her because he has nowhere left to go. Lear is rendered powerless when his daughters both attempt to reduce his servants to zero. Lear begins to go insane at this point. Lear begins to change after he goes mad. He starts to realize his par mistakes. Lear realizes he cannot control what is going on around him. He begins to acknowledge his wrongdoings. He contemplates things he has never had to think about before, such as shelter from the storm. The character Poor Tom probably has the greatest impact on Lear. Lear begins to become concerned with the homeless. Up until this point Lear has been as self-centered as a small child. He now begins to show compassion and a deeper understanding of those around him. When Lear finally meets up with Cordelia toward the end of the play, he begins to regain his sanity. He tries to bond with her, but it is too late. Cordelia will be hanged and die. Lear not fully realizes where he has gone wrong in his life. He is left heart-broken to die. In closing, I think that in Shakespeare's King Lear, Lear underwent major changes. He goes from being self-centered, egotistical, and power-hungry to being compassionate, generous, and self-aware. I do feel however that these changes came a little bit too late because by the time Lear had fully evolved he died. Shakespeare Essays

Gettysburg Essay Example

Gettysburg Essay Was Gettysburg really the turning point in the Civil War? Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate-we cannot consecrate-we cannot hallow-this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfini shed work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that this government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.(Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863). President Abraham Lincoln delivered this speech, called the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863 at the dedication of the Soldiers Cemetery on the grounds of the Battle of Gettysburg. In his speech, Lincoln exclaimed to the world that the United States would continue their fight so that entire world not just the U.S., could enjoy freedom and equality. Lincoln spoke only 272 words in this speec

45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers

45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers 45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers 45 Idioms About Ordinal and Multiplicative Numbers By Mark Nichol The following is a list of idioms about ordinal numbers (first, second, and so on) and multiplicative numbers, or what the late English-usage expert Henry Watson Fowler called numeral adverbs (once, twice, and so on). (Because I have already devoted an entire post to idioms that include first, I’ve omitted them here.) 1. bottom of the ninth: the last minute, from the last segment of the last inning of a baseball game 2. break the fourth wall: speaking directly to the audience during a theatrical performance (or, by extension, a film or a television program) 3. cheap at twice the price: exceedingly inexpensive 4. don’t think twice: don’t concern yourself about it 5. eleventh hour: the last minute 6. even a stopped clock is right twice a day: someone who is usually mistaken can be correct on rare occasions 7. fifth column: collaborators supporting would-be invaders from within a country 8. fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me: a proverb expressing that one should be wary of the intentions of someone who has tricked one before 9. for once: on this particular occasion 10. Fourth Estate: journalists as a group (originally, a reference to the press in counterpoint to three other major demographic groups: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people) 11. give (one) the once-over: examine with interest 12–13. if I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a hundred/thousand times: a phrase expressing, with exaggeration, that one has repeatedly referred to something 14. lightning never strikes (the same place) twice: an unusual occurrence that has happened before won’t happen again 15. once and for all: permanently 16. once bitten, twice shy: a proverb expressing that one’s inclination is to avoid people who, or things, that have hurt them 17. once in a blue moon: very rarely 18. once in a lifetime: said of something likely to occur only once during one’s life 19. once over lightly: quickly 20. once upon a time: once in the past (used often as the beginning of a fairy tale to express that the story occurred long ago) 21. opportunity knocks but once: a proverb expressing that one may have only one chance to take advantage of an opportunity 22–23. plead/take the fifth: said humorously in response to a request for provocative information when one does not want to reveal it (a reference to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects citizens against self-incrimination) 24. second banana: someone who plays a secondary role (from show business slang for a supporting comedian) 25. second best: something not as good as the thing desired 26. second chance: another opportunity 27. second childhood: a period later in life marked by renewed interest in things of interest to a child or by reduced mental capacity 28. second class: inferior, as in references to travel accommodations or disadvantaged citizens 29. second fiddle: one who plays, or is perceived to play, a subordinate role (from an informal reference to violinists in a music ensemble who are not the principal violinist) 30. second-guess: predict another’s action or decision 31. secondhand: as an adjective, not original, or previously owned; as an adverb, indirectly, or obtained from another 32. second nature: said of a behavior or habit that one seems to have been born with 33. second sight: clairvoyance, or the supposed ability to see something happening elsewhere or in the future 34. second thought: a reference to changing one’s mind, as in the phrase â€Å"on second thought† or to be inclined to do so, as in the phrase â€Å"having second thoughts† 35. second to none: better than anyone or anything else 36. second wind: restoration of easy breathing after physical exertion, or a renewal or energy or strength 37. seventh heaven: a state of bliss 38. sixth sense: a perceptiveness that cannot be achieved with the five physical senses 39. think twice: carefully consider 40. the third degree: intense questioning 41. third rail: something dangerous, like the electrified third rail of an electric railway system 42. third time’s the charm: one will succeed on the third try 43. Third World: the undeveloped world, first used to describe countries not aligned with the world’s democratic and communist nations during the Cold War 44–45. third/fifth wheel: a person thought to be unwelcome in the company of a pair or quartet of people; usually a reference to a single person with one or two couples Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

Identify and explain the principal techniques of transfer pricing, and Essay

Identify and explain the principal techniques of transfer pricing, and comment on likely developments in transfer pricing in an era of globalization - Essay Example In contrast, a market price is not determined by an individual but prevails to any participant within a market set-up involving exchange of goods and services between unrelated persons. We note that the market price cannot be tampered with and every person strives to maximize on own gains. Prices within the conventional market scene are determined by forces of market while the transfer prices are determined and set by an individual and thus are not negotiated freely or openly. This implies that transfer prices would often deviate from the conventional market prices within the same or alike market circumstances. It is worth to note that subsidiaries to one enterprise operating within one country face similar operational environment and hence the transfer prices poses similar problems of tax avoidance while compared to subsidiaries operating within different countries. With multinationals running various subsidiaries in different countries, which have different regulatory frameworks, t axation problems through transfer prices are very pronounced. The most prevalent problem with price transfers with multinationals is the tendency of subsidiaries stating inaccurate prices in order to lower profit margins to avoid high taxation. Beside, multinationals manipulate transfer prices through the internal payment networks with the goods they share between one to another. Therefore, the channels adopted within trading transactions by multinational subsidiaries, some price distortions are possible which may not be possible within the uncontrolled trading transactions by unrelated/unaffiliated trading companies. There are a number of principles techniques, which are applied in transfer pricing and which determine the overall outcome in price transfers. The methods of transfer pricing involve ways of calculation of margins of profits of business transactions within an entire business enterprise. However, it is worth

CROWN BRIEF SYNOPSIS police foundations program english Essay

CROWN BRIEF SYNOPSIS police foundations program english - Essay Example It is imperative to notice that a broken beer bottle was found near the foot of the third injured male. As an investigative measure, the statements of four witnesses were taken. The four witnesses did show some variance in terms of their eye-witness accounts. The first witness said that the first male victim had been assaulted by the latter two, when he tried to assault them by using weapon, which was a small knife. The second witness sided the first one, almost echoing the same version. He also added that the first victim had provoked the other two victims who were drinking beer. The third witness said that he had seen t he first victim using his knife and cutting the knuckles of the latter two, while one of the other victims had broken the beer bottle on his head. The last witness, however, changed the story and said that he had not seen the first victim carrying any weapon or provoking the other victims. By assessing the common witness statements given, one can conclude that the first victim had indeed provoked the other two, who had, in a bid to safeguard their lives, assaulted the first victim.

Identify a unifying theme using three short stories from the selection Term Paper - 1

Identify a unifying theme using three short stories from the selection of short stories - Term Paper Example The conflict is too much that it forces the Sister to move from the house to the post office (Negri 96-103). â€Å"The Blood-Burning Moon,† is a story authored by Jean Toomer. Revolve around Louisa who has two lovers; Tom Burwell and Bob Stone. Tom Burwell is a black while Bob Stone is a white. Bob has more time with Louisa, while Tom has less time since he spends more time in the fields. Both lovers have not been able to express their feelings to Louisa. In this story, a black woman is viewed as a sex object. In addition there is strong racism theme that tries to show the conflict between the blacks and the whites. The story is a tragic love story because it ends up with Tom being lynched by the mob (Negri 262-274). â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† is a story written by Flannery O’Connor. The story has three main characters; Shiftlet, Lucynell and her deaf and dumb daughter Lucynell. All the characters believe that they can have a symbiotic relationship, where one can benefit from the other. Shiftlet is a 26-year old young man who has never settled in life. The young man arrives at the Lucynell’s farm as a carpenter and he is interested in Lucynell’s motor car. On the other hand, Lucynell sees a husband for his deaf and dumb daughter. Later after Lucynell supports Shiftlet in the wedding plans, Mr. Shiftlet is not interested in Lucynell’s union (Negri 455-464). In this paper I want to focus on three short stories and identify the unifying theme in the three stories, â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,†, â€Å"The Blood-Burning Moon’† and â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O., â€Å". I also seek to identify some literary devices that are common in all the three stories. The stories have many unifying themes but one of the most outstanding theme in all the three stories is the love, romance and friendship theme. Though the three stories have different ending, the three stories

Pros And Cons Of Biotechnology

Pros And Cons Of Biotechnology The Convention on Biological Diversity signed on 5 July 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio Earth Summit) defines biotechnology: as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Understand the many disciplines that contribute to Biotechnology The main focus of biotechnology revolves around the use of molecular biology in the application of genetic engineering. Biotechnology encompasses many disciplines and relies on contributions from areas such as chemistry, computer science, mathematics, biology and engineering in addition to other fields such as economics and philosophy. Historic and current applications of biotechnology and its products Fermentation to produce foods Fermentation was discovered over 10,000 years ago and is widely considered to be the most ancient biotechnological discovery. Mankind was producing beer, wine, vinegar and bread using yeast. Lactic acid bacteria in milk and moulds were used to produce cheese. Modern food production still employs these processes but the cultures have been genetically refined and purified so that only the most desirable traits remain. Food preservation Preserving food through drying, salting and freezing was practiced even before anyone really understood why food spoiled in the first place. Louis Pasteurs research on the spoilage of win in 1864 was the first attempt to research food technology in a scientific manner. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) PCR is a technique in molecular biology use to amplify a few copies of a piece of DNA through thermal cycling generating millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. This technique is used for a variety of purposes including DNA sequencing in cloning, analysis of hereditary genetic diseases or even in the identification of genetic fingerprints used in forensic science. Microbial biodegradation The elimination of pollutants and waste from the environment is a concern that has intensified in recent years as humanity strives to find sustainable ways to cleanup contaminated environments. Bioremediation harnesses the natural ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade and transform a huge range of compounds including hydrocarbons and metals. List and describe different types of biotechnology and their applications There are a number of jargon terms for sub-fields of biotechnology. Red biotechnology refers to biotechnology used in medical processes. Its applications include the production of antibiotics, vaccines and genomic manipulation to cure diseases. White biotechnology refers to biotechnology used in industrial processes. Its applications include using organisms to produce useful chemicals. The aim is to surpass traditional manufacturing processes by consuming fewer resources. Green biotechnology refers to biotechnology used in agricultural processes. Its applications include designing plants to grow under specific conditions or in the presence/absence of agricultural chemicals. One of its aims us to produce more environmentally friendly solutions separate from traditional industrial agriculture. Bioinformatics addresses biological problems using information technology. It plays a key role in areas like biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector. Bioinformatics also helps in the analysis of functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics amongst others. Provide examples of potential advances in Biotechnology Red biotechnology, especially in the field of regenerative medicine, is poised to transform healthcare. Advances in genetics, stem-cell research and cloning promises a golden age in medical care for the future. Genetics is the principle science behind regenerative medicine. Recombinant DNA technology is currently applied in producing vaccines to combat hepatitis B and human-protein drugs to treat diabetes. New protein drugs are in development to treat a wider range of diseases. It is speculated that genes can be used to stimulate the growth of new tissue, and create antibodies to either suppress or enhance the immune system. This can be used to treat diseases such as arthritis and various cancers in the future. Regenerative medicine, unlike chemical based drugs that simply supports failing or damaged organs or tissues, cures disease while having less toxic side effects. Cellular biology plays a major role in regenerative medicine. Human cells are currently being used in a variety of ways such as growing blood vessels and manufacturing artificial skin. Stem cell research offers even more promising treatments. In the future, adult stem cells can be harvested, cultured, and reinserted to heal damaged tissue, bones, nerves, and organs for those suffering brain and spinal injuries. Adult stem cells have limited flexibility as they are often difficult to locate and activate, this means they are unviable in the treatment of a number of disease and injuries. Embryonic stem cells are easier to obtain and their plasticity offers greater therapeutic benefit. Regenerative medicine promises many benefits. Better precision in diagnostics means earlier and more effective medical interventions. The Human Genome Project and ubiquitous monitoring will allow medicine to develop an appropriate response to the onset of debilitating and life-threatening diseases. Effective therapies will affect the quality of many patients lives. Diseased or damaged organs can be repaired or replaced completely. This will prove a great boon for the worlds ageing population as it improves the longevity of human life. Reflect on how it affects you and the world There is intense debate over the development of medical biotechnologies. Studies in genetics, cloning and stem-cell research have sparked unflattering headlines. How do we balance the great hope of treating currently incurable conditions such as Alzheimers with the moral cost that many argue is to high? Will embryonic stem-cell research and therapeutic cloning mean a callous commoditization of human life at its most vulnerable stage? Or are attempts to restrict development in regenerative medication condemning countless individuals to needless suffering? Will the benefits of regenerative medicine be distributed evenly, or will only the wealthy be able to afford it? What will be the social effects of a society populated by genetically enhanced individuals of varying levels? Does this prospect mean greater or less regulation of regenerative medicine research? Admittedly, these questions each embody a number of issues that are contentious in their own right. And each of them requires detailed analysis and scrutiny. Such inquiries are themselves shaped by a bigger picture of religious, moral, social, and political convictions. To what end are the current and future developments in regenerative medicine directing us? And how do we judge whether this end is desirable? Commoditization of human life Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique to produce human embryonic stem (ES) cells for research or therapy. The technique creates human embryos that serve as sources of human ES cells. In deriving the human ES cells, the cloned human embryo (enucleated human egg transplanted with somatic cell nucleus) is destroyed at the blastocyst stage. This technique has many significant applications for clinical applications and medical research. Human ES cells produced from unfertilized egg cells transplanted with a nucleus from a human somatic cell can serve as a renewable source of cells with varied applications. These cells are capable of self-renewal and can transform into any other type of cell in the human body. Human ES cells can also be used for research into in vitro studies of normal human embryogenesis, abnormal development, human gene discovery and teratogen testing. Therapeutic cloning involves the destruction of cloned human embryos. The moral controversy arises depending on what status cloned human organizes possess. I feel that there are 3 main responses to this question. Human being and human embryo are essentially different Human embryos are essentially different from human beings and have no status. Bonnie Stienbock stipulates that cognitive status is not a matter of species membership but rather the ability to think, feel and experience. Early embryos cannot feel or experience anything. Thus, nothing you do to an embryo, including the act of killing it, can harm its interests because embryos do not have any interests. Human being and human embryos are essentially the same Peter Garret, research director of Life, an anti abortion group in Britain states that therapeutic cloning is simply a form of technological cannibalism. The moral reasoning being that cloning a human embryo to harvest stem cells would be equivalent to creating an individual with the eventual aim of plundering him/her for body parts. To bring it in line with Steinbocks view, species membership is the core determining factor when deciding whether a human organism has cognitive status. Respect for human life The third response presents that view that while human embryos are not equivalent to human beings, they are still a form of human life and are deserving of respect. Steinbock stipulates that the significance of and importance of embryos is symbolic. The respect that we confer to human embryos is analogous to that we accord to dead bodies. A dead human body does not have interests by itself but we show respect for dead bodies by burying them in accordance with our social or religious views. We do this because the dead human body represents a person who has existed. Similarly, we can argue that respect should be accorded to human embryos because of its potential to become a human being. I do feel that the development of sound bioethics depends on according embryos, fetuses or babies some sort of moral significance and importance. But as these reflections show, advances in biotechnology lead us to explore the philosophical issues regarding how to develop and apply new medical and technological possibilities. There are conflicts regarding the moral standing of early human life, issues regarding the meaning of personal identity and the potential to become a person. The challenges of the future will not only be scientific, but will require careful grounding in bioethics. Post humanism The development of superior diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive and enhancement techniques are sure to raise human life expectancy. Eminent researchers in the field of biogerontology such as Aubrey de Grey speculates that if accelerated aging syndrome such as Progeria can be fought as a disease, natural aging should fall along the same lines. Regenerative medicine can eventually thwart the natural aging process resulting in increased longevity. This is certainly within the realm of possibility, when all dysfunctional organs can continually be refreshed, we would have a substantially longer lifespan. If regenerative medicine is the first step in curing aging and subsequently, a declaration of war on human mortality, then an interesting issue is forced upon us. Should humans use technology to overcome or extend the limits of our mortality imposed on us by the evolution of human biology? When indeed these limits are overcome or greatly extended, then mortality is no longer a definitive feature of human life. In the absence of this defining feature, are human beings aspiring to become mere artifacts of our own engineering? I personally feel that much of the meaning and virtue in being human stems from our understanding of the finitude of mortal life. Much of the nobility embodied in human beings stem from procreation, a recognition that our future is shaped by and for our successors. Nothing good can come from continually extending the life of the progenitors. Preimplantation Genetics Testing and Eugenics Developments in reproductive medicine have provoked another range of questions, arising from the fact that techniques involving in vitro fertilization make it possible to examine and possibly alter the embryo prior to its implantation and development through fetal to the infant stage. This leads to what is known as the designer baby issue; imposing an ideal pattern on an embryo. The usual practice in clinics is to create a number of embryos in vitro and retain only those that meet the desired criteria. There are a number of situations where this procedure may be chose. It may be a matter of parents seeking to have a child free from a genetic condition known to be a risk in the family. However, groups representing the disabled claim that such selection disvalues disabled people. The same situation can be applied to selecting embryos by sex when the genetic condition involved is sex-linked. This would have broader impacts when sex selection is done for cultural or social reasons since this raises issues on the relative value set on male and female and the impact on the balance of sexes in society. Pre-implantation Tissue Typing (PITT) to produce a compatible donor for a sick family member takes the discussion onto new grounds. Many of them were covered in the film My Sisters Keeper and it raises questions about the exploitation of the resulting child and the violation of its own human rights claims. The spectrum of a new type of eugenics lies in the wait in any debate about designer babies. Scientists have rubbished the practice of eugenics as the convergence on a monoculture of ideal types may lead to elimination of traits that turn out to have evolutionary advantages. The issues that I have discussed have shown that there is a possibility of altering the embryos genetic structure either to eliminate some genetic diseases or, to promote sought-after characteristics such as intelligence or sporting potential. We are already screening various potential lives (embryos) in vitro to decide which should be given a chance at live and which should be allowed to perish. It is no longer the creation of live as we discussed earlier but the control, shaping and disposal of life that are at stake. This all leads to a brave new world of scientific eugenics. A variety of philosophers and scientists have argued for a developmental model of the legal status of the human embryo and foetus. The Roe vs. Wade decision held that pregnancy can be divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the degree that the foetus has been developed. The Supreme Court upheld that these periods correspond to an increasing standing of the emerging person in the human community. Yet the national debate continues and the lack of consensus about the status of the embryo has resulted in contradictory legal definitions in the US. Legality of embryo research varies from country to country as well. There is no clear guideline to the usage and treatment of embryonic material as there are too many fundamental questions that go to the root of humanity. Yet, I suggest that we apply the Kantian tradition of respect for persons and human rights that has been part of our history of civilized societies that balances. By all means, move ahead with stem cell research but let us be aware of all the issues surrounding it. Bioethics will continue to be faced with challenging questions, some of which we have not even conceptualized. In considered how to deal with moral issues, we should not narrow the range of persons who have moral responsibilities in determining answers. Both bioethicists and lawmakers must look to guidance from the public, not only from scientific and business interests. The public too have a special duty, which the media should assist in, to be well-informed in these complex matters.

Communication in Marriage Essay

Marriage is a beautiful thing, but at times can be very challenging. Making a commitment and keeping it takes a lot of work and patience. One reason that a marriage may face a problem is due to the lack of communication. At certain times women may need someone to hear them out whereas on the other hand men want someone to give them advice and support. In â€Å"His Talk, Her Talk† by Joyce Maynard, the author introduces us to her marriage and communication between her and her husband. In the other article â€Å"Man to Man, Women to Women† by Mark A. Sherman and Adelaide Haas, talks more about how men talk more directly and women think, and watch what they say. In â€Å"His Talk, Her Talk† by Joyce Maynard, she gives us an outlook on her marriage and the way she communicates with her husband. Maynard states that the opposite sexes are usually excluded from the conversation, such as the idea that there is a thing as â€Å"men’s talk† or â€Å"women’s talk† (Maynard 31). Men and women usually divide into two groups when there is a party or any sort of gathering. Immediately we redistributed ourselves which was a shame (Maynard 31). This tends to happen often and one may wonder as to why? Why can’t men and women have a long conversation about certain subject that both are interested in? Some women may argue that speaking to another woman, their point will be taken a lot more seriously whereas men tend to disregard the entire point altogether. Men like to have more simple straight forward conversation that gets to the point. Women are more verbal and they like to express themselves and detail their conv ersations. In the article â€Å"Man to Man, Women to Woman† by Mark A. Sherman and Adelaide Haas, the authors use a questionnaires, interviews, and observations to see how different types of genders communicate. Herman and Haas, in their research tested one hundred sixty-six women and 110 men, ranging in age from seventeen to 80, returned a questionnaire asking how often they discussed each of 22 topics with friends of the same sex (Herman and Haas 33). Women’s topic tends to be closer to the self and more emotional than men’s (Sherman and Haas 33). This does not mean that men do not have emotional talks; it just takes a right person to bring it out of them. As stated in the article men can be good listeners, as well as women can give direct advice (Sherman and Haas 33). Communication is key to any happy relationship whether it may be a marriage, girlfriends or just male companionship, women and men due indeed complete each other. When a woman is full of emotions, the man is always there to comfort her. Men tend to bottle up their emotions and they know that they can open up to a woman for emotional support. The first article â€Å"His Talk, Her Talk† by Joyce Maynard, was acknowledgement of her own personal life, whereas the second article â€Å"Man to Man, Woman to Woman† by Sherman and Haas, was based on the questionnaire and observation of other women and men and how they communicate. I would recommend the article â€Å"Man to Man, Women to Women† by Sherman and Haas, because it is well written, explaining the core problems that men and women have in their communication between one another. Citation Maynard, Joyce, †His Talk, Her Talk† Text and Contexts: A Contemporary Approach to College Writing. Ed. William S. Robinson et al. Boston Wadsworth, 2009. Print Sherman, Mark and Haas, Adelaide. â€Å" Man to Man, Woman to Woman† Text and Contexts: A Contemporary Approach to College Writing. Ed. William S. Robinson et al. Boston Wadsworth, 2009. Print

Research Paper Essay

Abstract This research paper will evaluate the biological aspects of addictive substance or behavior and how it affects the brain and organs. Biological aspects include dopamine levels that are replaced in the brain due to the reward system being overtaken and the absorption rate of the drug once it is ingested will be discussed. The biological aspects are extensive and permanent if the individual does not get the help they need. Furthermore the clinical issues of addictive substance or behavior will be discussed along with medical treatments and ethical issues. This includes treatments such as counseling and treatment programs that are effective. Lastly the Christian worldview implications and how it affects Christian counselors will be addressed. How the church may view individuals who have an addiction and how a counselor approaches a client with an addiction. Addiction is something that is an epidemic in the world of the devil and it should be evaluated and taken seriously. People use drugs for a variety of reasons, some may be to self-medicate, to overcome anxiety, to deal with a past that they want to forget, or even just to fit in with a crowd. However, most of the users, initially, do not think or care of the after side effects which could include addiction. There are many factors that come into play on if a person will be more susceptible to addictions such as â€Å"heredity, environment, psychoactive drugs and compulsive behaviors† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). Substance/Behavior Drugs affect many areas of a person’s body, the central nervous system (CNS) is effected â€Å"causing mental, emotional and physical changes† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). Pharmacokinetics describes this process by which a drug is â€Å"absorbed, distributed, metabolized, eliminated, and excreted by the body† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). The factors that contribute to this process include: â€Å"route of  administration, speed of transit to the brain, rates of metabolism, process of elimination, affinity for nerve cells and neurotransmitters† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). All of these factors contribute to how the drug biogically affects the person administering the drug. A person who injects heroine on an empty stomach will not have the same effect as a person who digests a pill of heroine after a meal. There are more aspects that involve if the person will become addicted to the drug. Metabolism and excretion also play a part in the effects on the brain. Metabolism is â €Å"the body’s mechanism for processing, using, and inactivating a foreign substance that has entered the body† (Inaba & Cohen, p. 2.7, 2011). Metabolism applies to everything that is ingested into our bodies, including food. Excretion is â€Å"the process of eliminating the foreign substance and its metabolites from the body† (Inaba & Cohen, p. 2.7, 2011). When a drug is ingested the metabolic process begins along with the excretion process by the kidney. This explains why alcoholics have kidney problems and sometimes failure after years of alcohol abuse. An example of how a drug travels from Inaba and Cohen is: â€Å"when someone swallows a 10 milligram tablet of Vicodin or drinks a beer the drug passes through the esophagus and the stomach into the small intestine, where it is absorbed into the capillaries enmeshed into the intestine walls. The capillaries transport the drug into the veins which carry it to the liver where it is partially metabolized. It is then pumped back to the heart and subsequently to the rest of the body.† That is just one example of how a drug is passed through the body and absorbed into the users system. There are many other ways that the drug can enter into the body. The first time alcohol or drugs are ingested â€Å"dopamine levels spike higher than they do with food†¦and that experience is remembered,† the experience is stored in the amygdala which controls emotion and hippocampus which controls emotion. After using the substance over and over the brain no longer produces its own dopamine. (Carlson & Carlson, 2013). There are more side effects that occur if the substance is not taken again, including depression and sometimes physical symptoms. (Carlson & Carlson, p.35, 2013). If the person stopped filling the void they have created with the substance their brain will eventually start reproducing its own dopamine again. There are addictions that can develop from behavior disorders, non-substance abuse disorders. These could be gambling, shopping, and many other compulsive/impulse control disorders. There are studies that suggest that â€Å"26-37% of those with alcohol dependence also had a lifetime history of a mood disorder (with depression being the most common), whereas 32-37% met lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder† (McLachlan & Starkey, 2012). When a person who is addicted to a compulsive disorder is going through withdrawals â€Å"the urge or craving while abstaining from the behaviors may have a similarity with cravings during drug withdrawal in substance addictions† (El-Guebaly, Mudry, Zohar, Tavares,& Potenza, 2012). To a person who is withdrawing from a gambling addiction they will feel the same way as a person who is trying to stop drinking. There are groups such as Gamblers Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous that help these individuals through the process of overcoming their addictions. When a person who is suffering from an addiction decides to make a change they can go through a process before they decide to take action. The stages are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation/ready for action, action, maintenance, and possibly relapse. (James, p. 74, 2012). Pre-contemplation is when the person is not considering change and denying they have a problem. Contemplation is when the addict is sitting on the fence about if they have a problem or not. Preparation/ready for action is described as when they are making a mental plan for how and when they are going to act. Action is practicing the new behavior for three to six months. The maintenance stage is continuing to maintain the new behavior for more than six months after the action plan. Relapse occurs if the old behaviors happen again, (James, 2012). An important part of overcoming the behaviors that go along with addiction is the creation of memories. Memories are created from the time we are born, we learn things about ourselves such as what makes us laugh or what makes us cry. A person may have a bad experience with a drug or alcohol and that memory stays with them. It could even deter them from trying it again or the person could be pressured into giving it one more try before they decide. Memories are actually â€Å"solid bits of protein imprinted on the brain as microscopic memory bumps called dendritic spines† (Inaba & Cohen, p. 2.12, 2011). When people use psyc hoactive drugs the memories are imprinted on the brain. These memories include, â€Å"where they got the drug, the reason they used it, and what feelings resulted† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). These memories are problematic because they are especially  powerful for the user’s brain. The memories will affect how often a person uses in the future. If a person has a euphoric and amazing experience when they use a drug they will remember it vividly and have a hard time forgetting the experience. If something happens to them that causes depression or makes them have a bad day they will go back to this euphoric state and want to recreate that situation again. Furthermore, if the person has a preconceived susceptibility to addiction to a substance they are more likely to continue to go back to this substance to solve their problems rather than dealing with them in a healthy way. Many factors such as environment when the person was raised will also play a factor, if the person was not taught the proper coping skills in dealing with issues their only memory of how to escape a problem will be the occurrence of the drug use. The same instance occurs with a person who suffers from a behavioral disorder such as gambling. When a person gambles they feel valued and appreciated. A person with a gambling addiction is treated like a king when they walk into a casino or a place that caters to gamblers. They bring them drinks to their table, they have beautiful girls around them, and they a re treated as if they are someone important. To a person who has never been treated like that in their life, it can develop into an addiction, an addiction to winning the money and an addiction to being treated like a king. Their memories and reward systems are replaced with this experience and it is hard to overcome. The reward/control pathway of the brain â€Å"encourages a human to perform or repeat an action that promotes survival† (Inaba & Cohen, p. 2.14, 2011). A psychoactive drug urges a person to take the drug again because it closely resembles the natural reward system of the brain. For substance abusers this pathway is seriously altered, â€Å"the go circuit becomes overactive and the stop circuit becomes dysfunctional and does not shut off the craving† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). The craving to do the drug again becomes seemingly unbearable for the individual because their reward system is in overload. The individual may wish that they could stop the addiction or not even want to but they cannot stop because of the affect the drug/habit has had on their brain. The reversal of the reward system also makes normally enjoyable circumstances not enjoyable to the individual suffering from an addiction. A person who may have enjoyed painting or walking around the park will be able to think about nothing other than  taking another hit of cocaine because their brains reward system is not happy until that is experienced. It takes a very strong individual to be able to overcome this and recognize it in their own brains. That is why there are programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous to help individuals process these changes in a step by step basis, because it is so hard to just quit something that has such a hold on the person. Clinical Issues There are aspects of treatment that dominate in the field of treatment of a behavioral or chemical dependency. These aspects begin with the fact that medications are used more to treat addictions, there are many reasons that a drug may be used in the treatment process including; â€Å"drugs lessen the withdrawal symptoms, drugs lessen cravings, substitute medications that are less damaging than the primary substance of abuse, nutritional supplements, and antidepressants† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). Some addicts do require drug use but some do not, it depends on how addicted to the substance or behavior the person was as well as how long they were using. Another issue in treatment is that new imaging techniques are being used to â€Å"visualize the structural and physiological effects of addiction on the human brain† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). These techniques include CAT (computerized axial tomography) scans to show the damage to the brain tissues, MRI (magnetic resonance imagin g), fMRI (functional MRI), PET (positron emission tomography), SPECT (single-photon emission computerized tomography, and DTI (Diffusion tensor imaging) (Inaba & Cohen, p. 9.5, 2011) These techniques allow doctors to study the brain as the addict goes through such things as the reward cycle when using a drug. These tests will help to better understand the processes of the brain and possibly be able to further combat the problem of addiction. The more a process in understood, the more educated a doctor can be with their patient the better treatment process they can prescribe for the patient. Internet-based therapies involve â€Å"structured, treatment programs delivered via the internet that incorporate some degree of therapist interaction† (Blaszczynski, A., Gainsbury, S., 2011). The internet based therapy mostly occurs via e-mails, telephone or face to face between the client and the counselor; it can benefit a wide range of people including those with alcohol and drug addictions. It is also beneficial for those with behavioral addictions such as gambling. Internet based therapy  has been largely successful with less than â€Å"25% of people with addiction-related problems ever entering formal treatment† (Blaszcynski, 2011). The internet based therapy could be widely popular as well because it is anonymous and they do not have to attend a meeting or go out of their way to a counselor’s office. The appointments are on the person’s own time when they are available. Treatment for individuals such as the elderly depends on patient placement after they are evaluated for abuse or addiction as well as physical or psychiatric problems. Treatment is then evaluated on the risks that could affect the elderly person. There are six dimensions â€Å"established by the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM): acute intoxication and/or withdrawal potential; biomedical conditions and complications; behavioral conditions and complications; treatment acceptance/resistance; relapse potential; and recovery environment† (Clay, 2010). An elderly individual struggling from addiction can also be placed in an outpatient treatment such as â€Å"brief intervention, motivational interviewing and pharmaceuticals† (Clay, 2010). It is recommended that the least intensive approach be considered first and then the condition be further assessed. Individuals who are addicted to heroin have a treatment that is called Opioid Substitution Treatment (OST) this involves prescribing opioids to those who are opioid dependent. A person who is addicted to heroin will go through â€Å"daily withdrawal symptoms, and are at increased risk of persisting in use of heroin and other drugs.† (Bell,2012). The i dea is to prescribe low dosage methadone (30-60 mg a day) or buprenorphine (4-8mg/day) to help control the withdrawal symptoms. Another reason for this approach is, â€Å"at higher methadone doses, people become more tolerant to opioids, and blocking the effects of heroin and suppressing continued heroin use† (Bell, 2012). Another approach to treatment is coerced treatment. Coerced treatment is when it is â€Å"mandated by the criminal justice system, through drug courts mandatory sentencing, probation/parole stipulations, and state or federal legislation requiring compulsory treatment† (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). The Drug Treatment Alternative-to-Prison program measured the effectiveness of the treatment programs that were mandatory and found reductions in the re-arrest rate, reconviction rate and return to prison rate. The downfall to the coerced programs is that there may not be space available for people who want to voluntarily get help before they are  arrested or in trouble with the legal system. The reduction in the economy over the years has caused a lot of government funded programs to be closed due to funding issues, leaving less places for addicts to go for help. (Inaba & Cohen, 2011). Christian Worldview Implications Addictions can come in many shape and forms to a Christian counselor. There are sexual addictions, gambling addictions, alcohol addictions, substance addictions etc. From a biblical standpoint a Christian counselor would want to introduce biblical morals and values so the person can rely on a higher power other than themselves to overcome the addiction. Addictions come straight from the devil when they are attacking a person and causing them to sin. A counselor should consider themselves to be warriors of God in the war against addictions. There are many in the Christian environments that consider addiction to be an act of will. A church congregation may not take an addiction as seriously as they would take someone who was diagnosed with cancer. It is important that the counselor help the client see that their addiction is important to overcome, confessing their addiction and the problem with it can be the first step when a person is struggling with an addiction. The person may feel that it is easier to hide the addiction rather than admit there is a problem, but to confess the sin is the most important first step. References Bell, J. (2012). Buprenorphine in The Treatment of Heroin Addiction. Dusunen Adam: Journal Of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 25(2), 93-100. doi:10.5350/DAJPN20122502001 Blaszczynski, A., Gainsbury, S. (2011). A systematic review of Internet-based therapy for the treatment of addictions, Clinical Psychology Review. Vol. 31(3). Carlson, D., & Carlson, H. (2013). Addiction : The brain disease. Madison, CT, USA: Bick Publishing House. Clay, S. W. (2010). Treatment of addiction in the elderly. Aging Health, 6(2), 177-189. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ahe.10.14 El-Guebaly, N., Mudry, T., Zohar, J., Tavares, H. and Potenza, M. N. (2012), Compulsive features in behavioural addictions: the case of pathological gambling. Addiction, 107: 1726–1734. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03546.x Inaba, D. S. & Cohen, W. E. (2011). Uppers, downers, all arounders: Physical and mental effects of psychoactive drugs. (7th ed.). Medford, OR: CNS Productions James, R. L. (2012). Sexuality and addiction. Westport, CT, USA: ABC-CLIO. McLachlan, A. D., & Starkey, N. J. (2012). The classification of substance and behavioural addictions: a preliminary investigation. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 41(1)

William Burghardt DuBois and Black Equality essays

William Burghardt DuBois and Black Equality essays The struggle for social and economic equality of Black people in America has been long and slow. It is sometimes amazing that any progress has been made in the racial equality arena at all; every tentative step forward seems to be diluted by losses elsewhere. For every "Stacey Koons" that is convicted, there seems to be a Texaco executive waiting to send Blacks back to the past. Throughout the struggle for equal rights, there have been courageous Black leaders at the forefront of each discrete movement. From early activists such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. DuBois, to 1960s civil rights leaders and radicals such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers, the progress that has been made toward full equality has resulted from the visionary leadership of these brave individuals. This does not imply, however, that there has ever been widespread agreement within the Black community on strategy or that the actions of prominent Black leaders have met with strong support from those who would benefit from these actions. This report will examine the influence of two "early era" Black activists: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Through an analysis of the ideological differences between these two men, the writer will argue that, although they disagreed over the direction of the struggle for equality, the differences between these two men actually enhanced the status of Black Americans in the struggle for racial equality. We will look specifically at the events leading to and surrounding the "Atlanta Compromise" in 1895. In order to understand the differences in the philosophies of Washington and Dubois, it is useful to know something about their backgrounds. Booker T. Washington, born a slave in 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia, could be described as a prag matist. He was only able to attend school three months out of the year, with the remaining nine months spent working in coal mines. He develo...

Free Essays on Coincedences Lead To Consequences

Coincidences Lead to Consequences When people’s lives are determined by a â€Å"greater power† and the belief that the order of things is already decided is called fate. Some people, called fatalists, believe in this and that they have no power in determining their futures. Despite this, others believe that coincidence is the only explanation for the way their lives and others turn out. Thomas Hardy portrays chance and coincidence as having very significant roles in Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Three such coincidences were quite influential and had large effects on Tess’ future. The first was that Tess Durbeyfield’s father discovered that their family came from one of the oldest, and (at one time) one of the wealthiest families in England. Another event that takes place by mere chance in Tess’ life is when Tess slips a letter of confession underneath both her lover’s door and (by accident) his carpet, where he could not see it. The final coincidence would be the death of Tess’ father, which not only leaves Tess in a state of deprivation, but also the rest of her family including her mother and six siblings. All of these coincidences had consequences that would change Tess’ life. For the first sixteen years of her life, Tess Durbeyfield and her family lived in a middle-class situation in the town of Marlott. Since her father was a life holder of the cottage in which they lived, he out ranked the farm laborers. However, John Durbeyfield is not in good health when we meet him and he does not show much interest in working, and instead spends his time drinking. Upon returning home one evening, John meets a man named Parson Tringham who tells him that the Durbeyfield family is the â€Å"lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’ Urbervilles, who†¦ came from Normandy with William the Conqueror† (Hardy 18). This news suddenly changes John Durbeyfield’s view on his family’s lifestyle and... Free Essays on Coincedences Lead To Consequences Free Essays on Coincedences Lead To Consequences Coincidences Lead to Consequences When people’s lives are determined by a â€Å"greater power† and the belief that the order of things is already decided is called fate. Some people, called fatalists, believe in this and that they have no power in determining their futures. Despite this, others believe that coincidence is the only explanation for the way their lives and others turn out. Thomas Hardy portrays chance and coincidence as having very significant roles in Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Three such coincidences were quite influential and had large effects on Tess’ future. The first was that Tess Durbeyfield’s father discovered that their family came from one of the oldest, and (at one time) one of the wealthiest families in England. Another event that takes place by mere chance in Tess’ life is when Tess slips a letter of confession underneath both her lover’s door and (by accident) his carpet, where he could not see it. The final coincidence would be the death of Tess’ father, which not only leaves Tess in a state of deprivation, but also the rest of her family including her mother and six siblings. All of these coincidences had consequences that would change Tess’ life. For the first sixteen years of her life, Tess Durbeyfield and her family lived in a middle-class situation in the town of Marlott. Since her father was a life holder of the cottage in which they lived, he out ranked the farm laborers. However, John Durbeyfield is not in good health when we meet him and he does not show much interest in working, and instead spends his time drinking. Upon returning home one evening, John meets a man named Parson Tringham who tells him that the Durbeyfield family is the â€Å"lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’ Urbervilles, who†¦ came from Normandy with William the Conqueror† (Hardy 18). This news suddenly changes John Durbeyfield’s view on his family’s lifestyle and...

Consumer behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Consumer behavior - Assignment Example Perspectives of economics of information emphasize on the importance of advertising as means of product disposal. Advertising changes perception either positively or negatively. Those that bring out a negative perception are often worked on through corrective advertising. Companies are able to acquire market access through advertising although factors such as culture jamming and counterfeiting have been a hindrance to the advertising success of many companies. Advertising further contributes to quality assurance which is guaranteed through total quality management. In recent times advertising has improved through increased media literacy. Though advertising increases sales, consumers still need to be protected (CIEM, 1). Legislation relating to consumers in America focuses on factors such as consumer protection from fraud and deception among other things. Other laws address the need of business ethics and control conscientious consumerism. An example of American legislation that relates to consumers is the need for corporates to carry out corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a way of giving back to the community. Another example is protection of consumers against false advertising and exploitation. Social marketing is the process through which distinct set of activities are used to influence and maintain people’s behaviour. The consequential behaviour aimed at benefiting the general community is supposed to be sustainable. This approach depends on transformative consumer research (TCR) for its effectiveness and is applicable in different social areas such as health and commerce. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), is an example in America that has used this approach. They discourage people from purchasing products made out of natural fur through public campaigns with the aim of protecting animals. A poll was conducted among ten drivers of different ages. The poll sought to determine whether respondents would

Marketing Plan about Gu Puds on UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan about Gu Puds on UK - Assignment Example This report stresses that the company thrives on its brand image which was developed after lengthy and careful and analysis. It emphasizes greatly on its looks which was also developed after long and hard thoughts about what they aimed to stand for and what exactly keeps them going. The merging of the two brands resulted in rapid growth for the company. This was complimented with some of the tempting new packaging which featured their mysterious new characters The GÃ ¼ Decadents and also a manifesto for having a more indulgent life. The project considers development of the SMART objectives crucial and the foremost priority for the company as it helps to present the objectives in a well defined manner. SMART objectives are presented as the set of objectives which are specific, measurable, agreed upon, realistic and time/cost limited. Smart objectives help in the removal of all kinds of conflicts between the client and the internal stakeholders regarding the project. Gu Puds must ensure that all stakeholders of the company agree upon the projected objectives. This would especially applicable for the workers who are associated with the production unit of the company. Since the company seeks to enhance its sales by 10%, this would have to be agreed upon by the producers of the products who would be directly accountable for the increased production of the product. The increased sales must have adequate resources for complementing the strategy. This would help to prevent cost or schedule overruns. The present strategy for the company would require an enlarged and

Review of Technical Journal Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of Technical Journal Article - Essay Example isputed the claims of the Young-Earth Model that the Mesozoic Rock Layers were â€Å"late-flood rocks† (Neyman, â€Å"Dinosaur Evidence for an Old Earth†). This is the famous Flood during the time of Noah when it rained for forty days which, according to the Bible, had killed all creeping, walking, breathing, etc. living creatures. Neyman did not believe this by predicating that if this is true, it would leave this claim contradictory to the evidences recovered by geologist pointing towards the existence and even activities of Mesozoic creatures – creatures like dinosaurs – during and after the flood took place and even during the water-receding period. According to him, says of the Young-Earth scientist that the distribution of fossils around the globe, as well as their varying formations in the sedimentary rock is caused by the strong cyclonic force that scattered chopped bodies of creatures at random locations around the globe contain insurmountable obstacles. He further expressed in his thesis statement that â€Å"the distribution of animals in the rock layers does not lend itself to an easy fit with the Flood model† (Neyman, â€Å"Dinosaur Evidence for an old Earth†). On the whole, the article was prepared for those who bear the same belief with the Young-Earth Creationism believers who affirmed that The Flood did not leave a single creature alive. The article strongly suggests that, in contrary with the assertions of the Young-Earth Science, even after the water started to recede during which the flood was completed, there were traced of fossils, poops, bones and even track-ways of creeping and walking animals, thereby inferring that creatures, particularly dinosaurs, still existed or were still alive even after the flood. The article was quite difficult to decipher considering that it was trying to interrelate two topics that essentially should not have been linked together by the writer. Both beliefs, the Old-Earth Creationism and the Young-Earth

Euthyphro †Plato Essay Example for Free

Euthyphro – Plato Essay On his way to his trial, Socrates runs into his friend Euthyphro, there to prosecute his own father for the murder of a slave. From this state of affairs, Socrates engages Euthyphro in a dialogue that begins with questions regarding piousness and ends up unsatisfactorily attempting to come to a true answer. In the course of this discussion, definitions of concept of holiness emerge, only to be picked apart by Socrates. Ultimately, Socrates’ goal is a new definition of piety and subtle rejection of the very idea of gods, paving the way for Plato’s defense of his wrongly accused teacher. Socrates is shocked to learn that Euthyphro is prosecuting his own father. Euthyphro defends his actions, believing that it is just to do so even though his acquaintances maintain that â€Å"it is impious for a son to prosecute his father for murder† (Plato, 8). Quickly, Socrates gets to the heart of the matter. Euthyphro is positive in his belief, therefore Socrates asks him directly: â€Å"what is the pious, and what the impious? † (9). Euthyphro’s first definition of piety is simple: â€Å"the pious is to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer† (9). Socrates is quick to show Euthyphro that such an explanation is but an example. â€Å"I did not bid you tell me on or tow the many pious actions but that form itself that makes all pious actions pious† (10). This lies at the heart of Plato’s philosophy: that all things have an ideal form, and that one can gain knowledge of that form through examination. The argument being refined, Euthyphro delivers his second definition: â€Å"what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious† (11). Socrates points out that â€Å"different gods consider different things to be just,† noting how in Greek mythology, the gods are as quarrelsome and fickle as human beings. â€Å"Try to show me a clear sign that all the gods definitely believe this action to be right,† Socrates demands (13). Euthyphro cannot, and so Socrates presses him to further refine his definition. Therefore, Euthyphro delivers his third definition: â€Å"the pious is what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hate, is the impious† (14). Socrates must quickly turn this definition on its head: â€Å"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods? † (14). There is a circular reason here that Socrates traps Euthyphro in. By seeking to attach piety to the desires of the gods, one cannot separate the effect and cause. Does piety exist in some form, that the gods maintain and uphold, or is piety defined by the agreement of the gods? â€Å"It is not loved by those who love it because it is being loved,† Socrates asks, â€Å"but it is being loved because they love it? † (15). Now Euthyphro must admit that there is a difference between what is â€Å"god-beloved† and what is pious. Since what the gods love and piety are different ideas, Socrates puts for the connection between justice and piety. â€Å"Is then all that is just pious? † he prompts (17). Concerning piety and the gods, Socrates eventually sums Euthyphro’s beliefs as â€Å"piety would be a knowledge of how to give to, and beg from the gods† (20). In establishing this premise, Socrates is driving towards the very notion that got him indicted by Meletus: corrupting the youth and not believing in the gods. Of course, when pressed in a court, Socrates will maintain that he believes in the gods. He later states that his public career was at the behest of the gods, who challenged him to find one wiser than he. However, Socrates’ line of reasoning suggests that he does not actually believe in the gods. â€Å"What benefit do the gods derive from the gifts they receive from us? † he asks (21). Socrates is constantly pointing out to Euthyphro that piety and the notion of the gods are two separate notions. For example, when he asks: â€Å"Would you agree that when you do something pious you make some one of the gods better? † it appears that he is reducing the notion of what a god supposedly is to that of a changing and corruptible being (19). If the gods are what they are supposed to be, how can they be improved by a pious action of a mortal? It would seem only that some god-delivered idea of piety would transform the mortals, and not the other way around. Piety, then, my dear Socrates, is that which finds universal approval as a good among human beings. If we remove the gods from the equation, then piety becomes an idealized notion of goodwill between human beings. If we are to seek out a form of piety, then there cannot be infallible gods who change their minds and respond differently to different situation. Socrates: Yes, my friend, perhaps there is indeed a form of piety, as we have been seeking. However, by what measure do you define universal approval? Simple majority? Are we to vote on a common definition? If a majority of people go to war, and sanction the killing of others, is it pious to do so? If the cause is just, one must say yes. Socrates: If war can be pious, then what cannot fall under this definition? What is just and what are pious must be two different notions, as we have already discussed. Indeed you are correct, Socrates. Piety is fidelity to the truth. Perhaps if there is indeed a form of it somewhere, then we have instinctive knowledge of piety without being able to define it in human language. If Euthyphro has â€Å"no clear knowledge of piety and impiety† despite his convictions, is it possible that each one of us defines such morality on our own (22)? Perhaps, then, there is no form in the universe, and each one of grasps at straws attempting to satisfy an inner desire to make sense out of the chaos that is life. References Plato. Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1981.

Eva Smith in An Inspector Calls :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley Plays Essays

Eva Smith in An Inspector Calls Do you agree that Eva Smith is presented as a victim in the play ‘An Inspector Calls’? How does J.B Priestly use the Inspector to make the Birling family aware of their responsibilities to individuals such as Eva Smith and how successful is he? When Eva Smith is presented to the audience by the Inspector, she is immediately shown to be the victim of the play. The Inspector highlights and describes how each of the members of the Birling family has used Eva Smith. The Inspector shows that each character has victimised her and that each of them has a part to play and a partly responsible for her death. The Inspector soon shows us that he thinks she is a victim as he describes her as â€Å"A pretty, lively sort of girl, who never did anybody any harm.† The Inspector tries to make each family member, including Gerald Croft, guilty for how they have treated Eva Smith. ‘An Inspector Calls’ is a play all about the social attitudes of the time. The play shows the attitudes of high class people such as the Birlings and how they see other members of the community. The Birlings are a rich family and they don’t feel that they should care for other people. They think that they should only be responsible for themselves and there family and not get involved with helping less well off people. Mr Birling put it that â€Å"if we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody†¦it would be very awkward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The play shows how Eva Smith is a victim of the attitude of society in 1912. It shows how hard it was for her as she was young, had no family and was unemployed, meaning she had no income to provide for herself. The play shows how some women were forced to beg charities for help to survive or how some young women were even forced into prostitution to provide themselves money to live on. The play highlights the bad way in which women, in a position similar to Eva Smith’s, were treated at that time by society, especially wealthy members of the public with high social statuses such as the Birlings. The Inspector targets each member of the Birling family and shows how they, as individuals, victimised Eva Smith and made her life harder. The Inspector firstly shows how Mr Birling treated her. Mr Birling is the father of the family and has a high status in the community. Mr Birling is a successful business man. He is involved in local politics and is hoping to be given a knighthood.